Steps in Order Processing
by Eric Scott
Published on 26 Sep 2017
Developing steps for processing orders is crucial for your business. Without the proper order-processing work flow, the order processing within your business will be chaotic and unreliable. Take the time to develop the proper order-processing guidelines and your business will run more smoothly and you will have higher customer satisfaction.
Use a Standardized Form When Taking Orders
Whether your company uses a customer service representative to take orders or the customer enters orders directly through your website, it is vital that you have a standardized form. This allows the person filling out the form to know what information is required and ensures that all needed information is collected.
Each of your inventory items may have slightly different order details. For example, if you operate a furniture store, the order form for a sofa may include the type of fabric while the form for a table may require the type of finish.
It is important that incomplete order forms are not accepted. If an order form does not have the needed information, it must be returned and completed before it can be processed.
Confirm the Order
After an order form has been submitted, it should be confirmed with the customer. This can be accomplished by sending an email with the order details. It is not necessary to require that the customer verify the order. Instead, make it clear that the customer should contact your company if there are any problems with the order. Be sure to make your company's contact information easily accessible to the customer.
Distribute the Order Form Internally
Once the order form is filled out, it should be forwarded to everyone who needs to perform an action related to fulfilling the order. This includes the warehouse, the accounts receivable department and the manufacturer, if the order is being fulfilled by a third party. The expected fulfillment date should be clearly indicated so that everyone involved knows the timetable.
Communicate With the Customer
It is vital to clearly communicate with the customer. Tell the customer if there is a delay in the fulfillment of the order. Being upfront and honest with the customer when there is a problem is much better than ignoring it. Also, inform the customer when the order ships. Tell her the carrier, the tracking number and the expected delivery date. Ask for feedback from the customer after he receives the order. Have a customer service representative call to make sure the customer is happy with the purchase or use an online survey to gain feedback. Either way, the customer feedback will give very useful insight into your order-fulfillment process.
Gun permit status stuck?
My gun permit status is stuck in "assigning to processor " for two months. Ive called the office and I've heard if will take long but I'm not sure how long that'll be for the status changes. Anyone else here with a similar situation?
All you can really do is wait. Two months sounds like a long time, though. Did you grease the wheels and donate to the sheriff fund?
Funny, just checked mine, applied June 16, and still nothing.
That's good to know Thank you
I applied for my permits on June 9 and didn't hear anything until Saturday a week ago when I received an email and text saying they had been approved. It took another week for them to arrive in the mail (yesterday, Aug 15).
They for approved today
I'm not sure what you mean by gun permit though, NC doesn't have anything called a gun permit.
This> http://www.mecksheriff.com/index.php/gun-permits/ <this
FYI, if you hAve a pending traffic citation, you’ll get denied
The status will never change from assigning to processor. It took 7 weeks to get my purchase permit in hand. Approval came in at 6 weeks and the document a week later. Submitted my application June 3rd and received on July 25th.
Hope this helps!
As soon as its assigned it will be done and mailed.
Same here. I applied for my PPP back on June 8 and haven’t heard anything back yet. Still waiting to be assigned. This is in Mecklenburg Co. Very frustrating.
Meck Co. Here too mine was June 16 it's crazy
Definitely normal. Expect 90+ days if you're talking CHP/PPP. Mental health checks are backed up, permit processing backed up, covid closures are not helping. The sheriff dept breaks their own 2-week decision law but there is nothing else you can do unfortunately.
I know you have quite a few responses already, but just to add to what people are saying- I applied for a pistol purchase permit on 5/31, and submitted all my extra documents on 6/3. My status stayed at "assigning to processor shortly" for about 2 months, until the end of July. Right around 7/31 or 8/1 (I forget the exact date) I finally received a voicemail and email saying my permit was approved. It was about another 10 days before I received it in the mail.
So yeah, 2 months honestly seems about right and hopefully you should hear something soon. I think they're just slammed right now- it seems (though this is purely anecdotal/observational) like a lot more people have applied for purchase permits in the last few months, I guess because of all the craziness and uncertainty in the world right now.
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- Stories From The States
- North Carolina
Applying for pistol permit after 12/1/15
- Thread starter BBGun
- Start date Dec 8, 2015
Regular Member
- Dec 8, 2015
**Effective December 1, 2015, North Carolina General Statute 14-404(e1) requires applicants to sign a release of court orders concerning mental health and capacity for pistol purchase permits. **You MUST come in to the Sheriff’s Office within five (5) business days after you have completed the online portion of the application. Your application process will not begin until this final step has been completed. Click to expand...
- Dec 9, 2015
So today I went to downtown Raleigh, signed the form, and asked if the receptionist knew how long they were taking to process. She said she didn't know, this is a brand new process and it depends on how backed-up the county clerk was. I'm still not sure what difference the state is doing now that it couldn't do previously. It didn't say they could look into medical records, it says they can look into my court records regarding mental illness. Anyone?
BBGun said: It didn't say they could look into medical records, it says they can look into my court records regarding mental illness . Anyone? Click to expand...
BC, et al., instead of using a worthless scrap of outdated piece of paper for reference... what say we reference DOJ's AG 'guidance', dtd dec 15, until al gore's internet catches up with the appropriate reference on the statutes sites.... http://www.ncdoj.gov/getdoc/32344299-a2a7-4ae5-99fd-9018262f64ac/NC-Firearms-gun-Laws.aspx bottom of page 9, i believe is the reference you are seeking. ipse
solus said: BC, et al., instead of using a worthless scrap of outdated piece of paper for reference... what say we reference DOJ's AG 'guidance', dtd dec 15, until al gore's internet catches up with the appropriate reference on the statutes sites.... ipse Click to expand...
- Dec 11, 2015
Just a bump here to say I'm still waiting. Haven't heard a word.
I just checked my online status and it is still stuck at "assigning to processor shortly..." after 5 days. I called records at "919-856-6949" and was told they have over 700 waiting and I probably won't hear anything "for a few more days". This is like having a 1 week wait law. I suppose if I got my concealed permit, I wouldn't be waiting, correct?
- Dec 15, 2015
BBGun said: I just checked my online status and it is still stuck at "assigning to processor shortly..." after 5 days. I called records at "919-856-6949" and was told they have over 700 waiting and I probably won't hear anything "for a few more days". This is like having a 1 week wait law. I suppose if I got my concealed permit, I wouldn't be waiting, correct? Click to expand...
dmatting said: when you apply for your chp, you wait a whole lot longer. if you already had a ppp in hand, you wouldn't be waiting either. i would suggest getting as many as you can at one time cuz they are good for 5 years. Click to expand...
- Dec 16, 2015
Pistol Permits were approved yesterday...so it took a week. I got two this time. Wasn't sure what the maximum was or if I could just get them to bump the number they printed out. I sent off for my VA non-resident CHP today. From what I understand it's not good for purchasing pistols, but there is carry reciprocity.
BBGun said: Pistol Permits were approved yesterday...so it took a week. I got two this time. Wasn't sure what the maximum was or if I could just get them to bump the number they printed out. I sent off for my VA non-resident CHP today. From what I understand it's not good for purchasing pistols, but there is carry reciprocity. Click to expand...
solus said: why am i confused...reside in NC and are going after VA non resident permit? Click to expand...
BBGun said: I know it sounds weird, but it's really just time constraints. My wife is quadriplegic and I have no one to stay with her for 8+ hours while I take another class. I could test out of the shooting portion as I've already practiced with those targets & was stricter with myself than the test would be. But there is still class time. In VA, my NRA pistol class certificate already qualifies me for their permit. I can read NC rules online I assume, like "must notify". Click to expand...
solus said: if you have your NRA basic pistol cert apply for FLs ipse Click to expand...
BBGun said: OK. I'll look into it, thanks. I was told to get "as many as I can". Can you explain the rationale for that? Is it just to make sure you're covered for most states? Click to expand...
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Pistol Purchase Permit ( Movement )
- Thread starter 1stSPWAR
- Start date Apr 26, 2016
Well-Known Member
Much has been written about many counties in North Carolina about the lack of Speed in the processing of Pistol Purchase Permits as well as the Concealed Carry Permits. My County ( Mecklenburg ) which is the largest of the 100 Counties in North Carolina has been brutally slow in the processing phase since the new law requiring Mental Health background checks were put into place. I for one ran out of Pistol Purchase Permits in January...I have always bought the maximum allowable number of 3. February 2nd 2016 I applied On Line for 3 more....February 5th 2016 I went to the Mecklenburg County Sheriffs Office to sign the Mental Health Screening Check Release Form in person , as required. They allow you only 5 days to accomplish this. There are No Refunds if you miss this window. April 25th 2016 ( Day 83 of this Odyssey ) I get a Voice Mail stating a Change of Status in my request for Permitting from the Mecklenburg County Sheriifs Office , it further stated I would be notified by E-Mail of the exact changes to date. I saved the Voice Mail and I checked my E-Mail Address of Record with the MCSO and found nothing...past information has always been handled my Text Messaging , as was my confirmation number and Tracking Number for this current transaction. Tonight I check my Secondary E-Mail and nothing is listed there either. Lastly I go to the MCSO website and log into my established account that requires ( A- ) The assigned Tracking Number (B- ) Your Email Address ( C- ) A password that I established. After navigating this garbage I see a cute little sliding scale that shows my account moving from PAID ( 2 Feb 2016 ) the Signing Phase ( 5 Feb 2016 ) to being assigned to a Processor 25 April 2016 Yes Folks...83 Days just to be assigned to a Processor. Prior to the change in laws , assigned to a Processor meant youd' be getting either an E-mail or Text within a week telling you to come to the MCSO to pick up your permit / permits. Frankly since they can't seem to get thier Email or Text notification system to work , I have no idea where I stand in terms of this process concluding? I have said before I know that Nobody is happy with this process. We the Customers are NOT happy Sheriff Carmichael is NOT happy The Sheriff's Staff isn't happy The Local Gun Stores and Independent FFL's sitting on stockpiles of paid for handguns awaiting pick-up are Not happy I know there are behind the scenes things being said in hopes of fixing some of this. I for one do not see the State of North Carolina walking this law back...as they say it's hard if not impossible to Un-Ring a bell. My greatest of hopes in the short term is to insure funding for adequate staffing at all major metroplitan cities/counties that are having timeline difficulties. I think the Mental Healthcare Background facilitator ( Novant Health in Mecklenburg County ) should be bound by contract to accomplish this in no more than 21 days and all approvals rectified in a Net 30 timeline. I think a data base for repeat customers should be established to Fast Track those whom do not require replicated work beyond the timeframe for this purchase to the last. I know my Job Schedule has hindered my attendance at a Conceal Carry class...but as Sheriff Carmichael suggested to me in March , it's in my best interest to do so to dispense with this protracted mess that is obviously geared toward the most casual of gun enthusiasts. I know many states harped about having Cooling Off periods between the decission to buy and the ability to obtain a firearm...but this process boarders on insanity for all affected parties.:thumbdown:
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This whole process is B.S.. In Pasquotank it just took me 37 days to renew my CCP. When I went to pick it up she had a stack of about 40. Now I know we are a lot smaller county, but the process time should not be that much different. Mental check still has to be done and that should be about the same for all. Our mental health check is done with the hospitals in the Wake county area. So where is the hold up actually happening? I know people in counties just to the west of us complaining that it is taking over 75 days for a PPP and they are about the same size as is.
GRNC position on Sheriff delays in issuing pistol purchase permits With passage of HB 562 and its attendant removal of several burdensome pistol purchase permit application requirements, legislators attempted to standardize what were then widely variable permit formats. The North Carolina Sheriffs’ Association (NCSA) managed to slip into the bill a requirement that mental health forms be sent to Clerks of Superior Court to certify the applicant has no history of mental incompetence (involuntary commitment, insanity defense, etc). Although sheriffs are now required to issue purchase permits in 14 days, most populous counties are flouting the law, claiming that due to the large influx of gun permit applications after the San Bernardino attack, clerks of court are unable to keep up with applications. Sheriffs are claiming a “better safe than sorry” policy in exceeding the 14 day limit. In Mecklenburg County and elsewhere, for example, applicants are being stalled for more than 90 days. GRNC's position is that because § 14-404 (f) says, “Each applicant for a license or permit shall be informed by the sheriff within 14 days of the date of the application whether the license or permit will be granted or denied and, if granted, the license or permit shall be immediately issued to the applicant”, sheriffs are required to issue permits within 14 days regardless of whether clerks of court respond. In the unlikely event an applicant is determined to be ineligible after permit is issued, it is the sheriff’s obligation to revoke the permit – something on which the NCSA’s own 2014 report shows them as being woefully deficient.1 Moreover, with the passage of Session Laws 2013-369 (HB 937) and 2015-195 (HB 562), sheriffs got what they asked for with improved and timely reporting of mental health adjudications by clerks of court to the National Instant Background Check System (NICS), rendering the submission of mental health forms to clerks of court both unnecessary and redundant. GRNC anticipates that NCSA will lobby for longer issuance times for pistol purchase permits, which we consider tantamount to waiting periods for lawful gun purchasers. GRNC not only vociferously opposes any increase in the 14 day requirement to issue a purchase permit, we advocate repeal, if not of the entire purchase permit law, at least of § 14-404 (e1)(5), which creates a requirement for the mental health form to be submitted to clerks of court. Due to improved reporting to NICS as described above, it is a needless roadblock to qualified applicants. When the General Assembly convenes for the short session on April 25, GRNC will work hard to ensure that both pistol purchase permits and concealed handgun permits are issued on a timely basis. Please subscribe to and monitor GRNC alerts to help us make meaningful changes. 1. “Pistol Purchase Permit Revocations: a Report to the General Assembly,” North Carolina Sheriffs’ Association, August 5, 2014, available at: http://grnc.org/documents/NCSA-PPP-Revocation-Report-2014-FINAL.pdf
A perfect case of how more laws and regulations aren't the answer in most cases. Getting govt out of the way is way more often than not a good thing.
Eagan said: GRNC position on Sheriff delays in issuing pistol purchase permits With passage of HB 562 and its attendant removal of several burdensome pistol purchase permit application requirements, legislators attempted to standardize what were then widely variable permit formats. The North Carolina Sheriffs’ Association (NCSA) managed to slip into the bill a requirement that mental health forms be sent to Clerks of Superior Court to certify the applicant has no history of mental incompetence (involuntary commitment, insanity defense, etc). Although sheriffs are now required to issue purchase permits in 14 days, most populous counties are flouting the law, claiming that due to the large influx of gun permit applications after the San Bernardino attack, clerks of court are unable to keep up with applications. Sheriffs are claiming a “better safe than sorry” policy in exceeding the 14 day limit. In Mecklenburg County and elsewhere, for example, applicants are being stalled for more than 90 days. GRNC's position is that because § 14-404 (f) says, “Each applicant for a license or permit shall be informed by the sheriff within 14 days of the date of the application whether the license or permit will be granted or denied and, if granted, the license or permit shall be immediately issued to the applicant”, sheriffs are required to issue permits within 14 days regardless of whether clerks of court respond. In the unlikely event an applicant is determined to be ineligible after permit is issued, it is the sheriff’s obligation to revoke the permit – something on which the NCSA’s own 2014 report shows them as being woefully deficient.1 Moreover, with the passage of Session Laws 2013-369 (HB 937) and 2015-195 (HB 562), sheriffs got what they asked for with improved and timely reporting of mental health adjudications by clerks of court to the National Instant Background Check System (NICS), rendering the submission of mental health forms to clerks of court both unnecessary and redundant. GRNC anticipates that NCSA will lobby for longer issuance times for pistol purchase permits, which we consider tantamount to waiting periods for lawful gun purchasers. GRNC not only vociferously opposes any increase in the 14 day requirement to issue a purchase permit, we advocate repeal, if not of the entire purchase permit law, at least of § 14-404 (e1)(5), which creates a requirement for the mental health form to be submitted to clerks of court. Due to improved reporting to NICS as described above, it is a needless roadblock to qualified applicants. When the General Assembly convenes for the short session on April 25, GRNC will work hard to ensure that both pistol purchase permits and concealed handgun permits are issued on a timely basis. Please subscribe to and monitor GRNC alerts to help us make meaningful changes. 1. “Pistol Purchase Permit Revocations: a Report to the General Assembly,” North Carolina Sheriffs’ Association, August 5, 2014, available at: http://grnc.org/documents/NCSA-PPP-Revocation-Report-2014-FINAL.pdf Click to expand... The NCSA is NOT going to let the PPP go away. So all these changes will just cause longer waits. A better strategy would be to repeal all the changes and put the law back as it was about 6 years ago. Ronnie
I don't answer to nor care what the NCSA wants. Sheriffs are elected officials. When enough people voters care about repeal, And elected officials take note. Won't matter what they want. Uber liberal Roy Cooper likes to pluck their strings to get his way. We have not forgotten.
I want the guns to be kept out of the hands of Known people with Mental Issues. .sure crazy people will find a way just like known felons will...but neither should be allowed to waltz in to a gun store unabated and walk back out with a handgun . .that's my opinion. Now on the other side of the coin, with all the information that can be obtained about a person in seconds , at worst minutes , there are no excuses for these NCSA imposed cooling off periods we are seeing. If it's the background researchers causing the delay? FIRE THEM. If the Clerk of Courts certification is the issue? Repeal that part or better staff the office. How long does a stamp take once all the information collected pans out ok anyway? Again. .repealing these laws on whole is not likely to happen as there is some good intent behind them...it how they are being handled that should be ruled against. A time frame should be included , a reasonable time frame. . And the CLEO should be mandated to operate within that timeframe. 30 days should be the extreme limit. I prefer 21 days considering the available IT capabilities available.
1stSPWAR said: I think the Mental Healthcare Background facilitator ( Novant Health in Mecklenburg County ) should be bound by contract to accomplish this in no more than 21 days and all approvals rectified in a Net 30 timeline. Click to expand... Why would Novant be blamed for PPP slow downs, the new law is written for "court orders concerning" From the online permit page ... Effective December 1, 2015 North Carolina General Statute 14-404(e1) requires applicants to sign a release of court orders concerning mental health and capacity for pistol purchase permits. After completing the online portion of the application, you MUST come in to the Sheriff’s Office within five (5) business days to complete or provide this release. Click to expand... From NCGS 14-1404(e1) ... (e1) The application for a permit shall be on a form created by the State Bureau of Investigation in consultation with the North Carolina Sheriffs' Association. This application shall be used by all sheriffs and must be provided by the sheriff both electronically and in paper form. Only the following shall be required to be submitted by an applicant for a permit: (1) The permit application developed pursuant to this subsection. (2) Five dollars for each permit requested pursuant to subsection (e) of this section. (3) A government issued identification confirming the identity of the applicant. (4) Proof of residency. (5) A signed release, in a form to be prescribed by the Administrative Office of the Court, that authorizes and requires disclosure to the sheriff of any court orders concerning the mental health or capacity of the applicant to be used for the sole purpose of determining whether the applicant is disqualified to receive a permit pursuant to this section. No additional document or evidence shall be require from any applicant. Click to expand... Novant covers hospitals and doctors ... for CHPs yes but for PPPs it should just be the clerk of the court. By the way the law seems to be written it is court orders that are required not a full search of medical facilities in the county. I know my county and a few others do not go beyond the C of C ...
Ronnie said: The NCSA is NOT going to let the PPP go away. So all these changes will just cause longer waits. A better strategy would be to repeal all the changes and put the law back as it was about 6 years ago. Ronnie Click to expand... Ronnie is correct ... the NCSA will fight tooth and nail on it. It will have to go thru the NC Legislature and then Goobernor's desk. If it was started and it made it through to the Goobernor's desk Good Old Roy is going to be sitting there because McRory is not going to be reelected after this HB2 blow up. Even worse I am not sure that the State Legislature will not lose a lot of seat to liberal leaning State Senators and State Representatives to the point it would even make it to The Goobernor's desk.
Yikes! I haven't bought a PPP since 2012 and now I have my CHP but at that time in Forsyth Co. I walked in and walked out with the permit in maybe 30 minutes. Renewal on CHP is a few years off so maybe they'll change this nonsense.
NCWildhorse
I will chime in on this issue since I have had a long talk with the representative from Mecklenburg SO, in fact at the end of the conversation my concealed permit was pushed thru, Im pretty sure I should be getting it tomorrow. Anyway, all these issues supposedly are caused by Novant, the law was put in place holding the sheriffs accountable for the 14 day window, but not giving the mental checks any time frame. last month alone in Meck there were 2900 applications for permits. No one is happy about the way things are being handled. That being said, they tried to swing it as yea we have 14 days, but instead of denying all permits because the checks don't come in, we have extended the process. (IMHO if they denied all the permits, they would be so tied up in court, the county would go bankrupt) The hold up is with the records themselves as they are not digital/electronic idk the proper term exactly but there is a law in place that says all mental health records need to become electronic by the end of 2019, which obviously helps no one now. Since the law change Meck has denied 51 permits due to mental health issues, something that wouldn't have happened if said law wasn't in place. My belief is this... the counties that are issuing permits within the 14 days are not waiting for the checks to come back. There is a provision in the law that says.. The sheriff must revoke a purchase permit upon the occurrence of any event or condition that occurs after the issuance of the permit which would render the individual unable to lawfully receive a purchase permit. The sheriff will provide written notice to the permittee that the permit is revoked. This notice will also provide the permittee with information on how to appeal the revocation. Upon receipt of this written notice, the permittee must surrender the permit to the sheriff. Any law enforcement officer serving the notice is authorized to take immediate possession of the permit. If the notice was served on the permittee by means other than a law enforcement officer, the permittee must surrender his/her permit to the sheriff no later than forty- eight (48) hours after service of the notice. Any permittee who fails to do so is guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor. The permittee may appeal the revocation by petitioning a district court judge of the district where the permittee lives. There is no real verbiage in the law that states that the sheriff must wait for the checks to return, they just need to be run. Now looking at it from their stand point, because of how long its taking, if there is some kind of mental issue and something happens with that gun they just approved, S will HTF, and laws will probably be changed again and become a huge problem for everyone. From what Ive been told everyone is supposed to be at the legislative session today, voicing their issues with this process. Will anything get done ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ probably not but heres to hoping!
Again there is no verbiage in the law saying the sheriff needs anything more than the clerk of the court records on mental commitment ... NCGS 14-1404(e1) ... Quote: (e1) The application for a permit shall be on a form created by the State Bureau of Investigation in consultation with the North Carolina Sheriffs' Association. This application shall be used by all sheriffs and must be provided by the sheriff both electronically and in paper form. Only the following shall be required to be submitted by an applicant for a permit: (1) The permit application developed pursuant to this subsection. (2) Five dollars for each permit requested pursuant to subsection (e) of this section. (3) A government issued identification confirming the identity of the applicant. (4) Proof of residency. (5) A signed release, in a form to be prescribed by the Administrative Office of the Court, that authorizes and requires disclosure to the sheriff of any court orders concerning the mental health or capacity of the applicant to be used for the sole purpose of determining whether the applicant is disqualified to receive a permit pursuant to this section. No additional document or evidence shall be require from any applicant. The PPP does not require mental records from hospitals or doctors ... if the sheriff is waiting for those it is his choice.
State law allows up to 10 PPP's at a time. A stronger selling point for getting a CHP. 1 and done.
Do they not realize that there is a huge issue with these permits? The fact that they want to run a mental check today, but then they are good for 5yrs... thats a huge amount of time for things to change. You have 10 permits today.. they don't run your background for 5 years. It seems like it defeats the purpose of the mental check/ background check all together. This is just my humble opinion obviously, but I feel like it defeats the purpose :think:
Moore County is pretty good about turn around time for PPP. But CCW permits are another story. I applied for my CCW on 1/19/16 and I go 4/28/16 to get my fingerprints done. 3.5 months for just the fingerprint appointment. Now only God knows how long the wait will be once I have my fingerprints done.
JamesLewis said: Moore County is pretty good about turn around time for PPP. But CCW permits are another story. I applied for my CCW on 1/19/16 and I go 4/28/16 to get my fingerprints done. 3.5 months for just the fingerprint appointment. Now only God knows how long the wait will be once I have my fingerprints done. Click to expand... I don't understand the appointment for fingerprints thing. How long does it take? I did mine in Moore Country a year plus ago and just walked in with my application in hand and was fingerprinted on the spot. I was in and out in under 10 minutes. I just don't get it. :scratch:
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Sheriff’s office faces lawsuit as gun permit applicants wait months for approval
:quality(70)/d1hfln2sfez66z.cloudfront.net/08-05-2021/t_7e3bf9119b8d46fa9e0dcc099060d42a_name_MB_GUN_PERMITS_JLETTERMAN_0062.jpg "assigned to processor / processing order")
Sheriff’s office faces lawsuit as gun permit applicants wait on approval
CHARLOTTE — An attorney filed a lawsuit Thursday after people claimed they have experienced extensive delays trying to get gun permits from the Mecklenburg County Sheriff’s Office.
Some applicants said they have been waiting months to get approved.
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Resident Ophelia McRae said she applied for a gun license to protect herself and her belongings.
“I’m up in age,” she said. “I’m a senior citizen, and I live alone. And the way things are going right now, I would just like to have that safety in the house.”
McRae said she is familiar with guns and wants to own one legally. She submitted her application to the sheriff’s office in February.
“It’s taking longer than I wanted,” McRae told Channel 9.
The lawsuit filed against Mecklenburg County Sheriff Garry McFadden and his office, says: “Defendant McFadden’s custom, policy and practice of refusing to timely issue pistol purchase permits and concealed handgun permits” violates the ‘North Carolina Constitution because the sheriff’s actions infringe on the right ‘of the people’ to keep and bear arms, rights that ‘shall not be infringed.’”
The lawsuit says concealed handgun permits “must be issued or denied within forty-five (45) days of the application and receipt of any necessary mental health records.” And pistol purchase permits “should be issued or denied within 14 days.”
Some people have been waiting for approval since 2020.
“People are utterly being denied their right to keep and bear arms at precisely the moment they need it most, because they are unable to buy a handgun without one of these permits,” said Paul Valone, with Grass Roots North Carolina.
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A spokesperson for the sheriff’s office issued a statement Thursday that said, in part, “MCSO has been transparent and forthcoming about our inability to meet certain statutory timelines regarding the processing of gun permit applications since early on in the pandemic. MCSO has seen an unprecedented increase in the number of applications coinciding with the challenges of staff shortages.”
The sheriff’s office said that between March and June of 2020, it was receiving a monthly average of about 4,700 pistol permit applications during that same time.
The average the year before was a bit over 1,300. The department said staff members have been working thousands of hours of overtime in order to process those applications.
(WATCH BELOW: Meck County sheriff concerned about surge in conceal-carry gun permits)
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Meck County sheriff concerned about surge in conceal-carry gun permits
Full statement from MCSO:
The Mecklenburg County Sheriff’s Office has yet to receive the lawsuit in question but does not comment on pending litigation. MCSO has been transparent and forthcoming about our inability to meet certain statutory timelines regarding the processing of gun permit applications since early on in the pandemic. MCSO has seen an unprecedented increase in the number of applications coinciding with the challenges of staff shortages.
- Between March-June 2020 the monthly average of PPAs climbed to approximately 4,698 which included an all-time high of approximately 6,425 in June.
In comparison, the monthly average PPAs in March-June 19 was approximately 1,389.
- November 20, 2020 registered the highest number of outstanding PPAs with approximately 13,434. In comparison, the number of outstanding PPAs on the same date prior to the pandemic was 192.
- Since July 2020, gun permits/registration staff has worked 2,686.6 overtime hours – equal to more than 111 days – to meet processing demands
- Other staffers within the division worked another 2,648.5 hours to assist with tasks such as fingerprinting to allow trained staff to process purchase and concealed permits
Unfortunately there also seems to be confusion surrounding the Concealed Handgun Permit timeline. Applicants interpret the permit should be issued within 45 days of the application; which is not the case. The permit is to be issued within 45 days from the date MCSO receives the approved application from other facilities (mental health facilities, SBI, etc).
I have attached detailed charts illustrating the Pistol Purchase Permit Process and New Concealed Handgun Permit Process as well as data showing the monthly breakdown and fiscal year impact.
Sheriff McFadden has personally responded to dozens of emails and taken calls from citizens regarding permit applications and understands the frustration during this process.
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Pistol Purchase Permit Process
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New Concealed Handgun Permit Process
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State auction site offloads surplus items from across NC
:quality(70)/cloudfront-us-east-1.images.arcpublishing.com/cmg/J2DPRENU5JCIJE2WSH6CWFLMHI.jpg "assigned to processor / processing order")
Oklahoma boy, 7, jumps off cliff to save 3-year-old brother
:quality(70)/cloudfront-us-east-1.images.arcpublishing.com/cmg/OS6TDGTB4NDAHCUTUVA6JIJNPQ.jpg "assigned to processor / processing order")
CMPD investigating fatal crash on Interstate 485
:quality(70)/cloudfront-us-east-1.images.arcpublishing.com/cmg/WNEVKWYL2JDNVICPYNTDQ3F6II.jpeg "assigned to processor / processing order")
Safety Coalition fighting for stronger rear guards on tractor-trailers
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Self-pour craft-beer concept OpenTap makes south Charlotte debut
(Order) Processor definition
Examples of (order) processor in a sentence.
PO-2A - Measures the percentage of all electronic LSRs that flow from the specified electronic gateway interface to the Service Order Processor (SOP) without any human intervention.
The internal processing by the Order Processor is expressed as an activity diagram, where the Order Processor accepts, assembles, ships, and closes the order.
Figure 13 depicts the detailed processing that takes place within an Order Processor agent.
Figure 14 depicts the internal states and transitions for Order Processor, Invoice Sender, and Payment Receiver agents.
Shipping / Order Processor City: Littleton, NH Order Number: 47365 Basic Job Information: $11.00–$11.00, Full- time or Part-time Required Education: High School Diploma or Equivalent Required Experience: 1 Year 0 Months Excellent opportunity to work for a small business with worldwide clientelle.
Steve Chatman, “Institutional Versus Academic Discipline Measures of Student Experience: A Matter of Relative Valid- ity” (Berkeley, CA: University of California Center for Studies in Higher Education, May 2007),http://cshe.berkeley.edu/ publications/docs/ROP.Chatman.AcadDisciplines.6.5.07.pdf (accessed Sept.
Since $80 of availability remains, the original sales order should be reduced by $80 to an ending value of $20.2) Reduce the Original Sales Order Line Item.The Sales Order Processor modifies the value of the sales order line item to the final value determined in step 1 (column H).
If a negative down payment request was processed in step 4 to cancel all or a portion of the original down-payment, the Sales Order Processor must provide further processing instructions via the Down-Payment Reapplications/Refunds Form.
Repeat steps 4-8 for Susan, except assign the Order Processor profile.
The Sales Order Processor must update the blocked (Block = "02") Sales Order Total line to the ending sales order line item value.
Related to (Order) Processor
Major processor means a user processing, handling, or manufacturing radioactive material exceeding Type A quantities as unsealed sources or material, or exceeding four times Type B quantities as sealed sources, but does not include nuclear medicine programs, universities, industrial radiographers, or small industrial programs. Type A and B quantities are defined in this rule.
cross-border processing means either:
Sub-processor means any Data Processor engaged by MailChimp or its Affiliates to assist in fulfilling its obligations with respect to providing the Services pursuant to the Agreement or this DPA. Sub-processors may include third parties or members of the MailChimp Group.
Tender Process means the procurement process for this Tender as set out in the Tender Document herein.
Subprocessor means any person appointed by or on behalf of Processor to process Personal Data on behalf of the Company in connection with the Agreement.
Large Facility Interconnection Procedures or “LFIP”) shall mean the interconnection procedures applicable to an Interconnection Request pertaining to a Large Generating Facility that are included in Attachment X of the NYISO OATT. Standard Large Generator Interconnection Agreement (“LGIA”) shall mean this Agreement, the form of interconnection agreement applicable to an Interconnection Request pertaining to a Large Generating Facility, that is included in Attachment X of the NYISO OATT. System Deliverability Upgrades shall mean the least costly configuration of commercially available components of electrical equipment that can be used, consistent with Good Utility Practice and Applicable Reliability Requirements, to make the modifications or additions to Byways and Highways and Other Interfaces on the existing New York State Transmission System and Distribution System that are required for the proposed project to connect reliably to the system in a manner that meets the NYISO Deliverability Interconnection Standard at the requested level of Capacity Resource Interconnection Service. System Protection Facilities shall mean the equipment, including necessary protection signal communications equipment, required to (1) protect the New York State Transmission System from faults or other electrical disturbances occurring at the Large Generating Facility and (2) protect the Large Generating Facility from faults or other electrical system disturbances occurring on the New York State Transmission System or on other delivery systems or other generating systems to which the New York State Transmission System is directly connected. System Upgrade Facilities shall mean the least costly configuration of commercially available components of electrical equipment that can be used, consistent with Good Utility Practice and Applicable Reliability Requirements, to make the modifications to the existing transmission system that are required to maintain system reliability due to: (i) changes in the system, including such changes as load growth and changes in load pattern, to be addressed in the form of generic generation or transmission projects; and (ii) proposed interconnections. In the case of proposed interconnection projects, System Upgrade Facilities are the modifications or additions to the existing New York State Transmission System that are required for the proposed project to connect reliably to the system in a manner that meets the NYISO Minimum Interconnection Standard. Tariff shall mean the NYISO Open Access Transmission Tariff (“OATT”), as filed with the Commission, and as amended or supplemented from time to time, or any successor tariff. Trial Operation shall mean the period during which Developer is engaged in on-site test operations and commissioning of the Large Generating Facility prior to Commercial Operation.
Purchase Order (PO) means a written offer made by a purchaser to a supplier formally stating the terms and conditions of a proposed transaction.
Subprocessors means third parties authorised under these Data Processing Terms to have logical access to and process Customer Personal Data in order to provide parts of the Processor Services and any related technical support.
Customer Service Agreement shall have the meaning as defined in the Master Agreement. “ Customer User” means an employee of Customer, a Customer Affiliate or Business Partner.
Order Schedule means an MSC Order Schedule (or any other order document) agreed to by Customer and MSC, and which incorporates this Agreement, by reference or otherwise, and sets forth, among other things, the Software, Maintenance and/or Services ordered.
Customer Services means the call centre for dealing with queries about your Card. You can contact Customer Services by calling 01 693 3333, or contacting us directly.
Data Processor means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which processes personal data on behalf of the controller.
Mail order pharmacy means a pharmacy licensed by this
Lockbox Processor means Regulus Group II LLC, or its successors or assigns.
Interconnection Provider means PacifiCorp Transmission.
Maritime cargo handling services means activities exercised by stevedore companies, including terminal operators, but not including the direct activities of dockers, when this workforce is organised independently of the stevedoring or terminal operator companies. The activities covered include the organisation and supervision of:
Interconnection Construction Service Agreement means the agreement entered into by an Interconnection Customer, Interconnected Transmission Owner and the Transmission Provider pursuant to Tariff, Part VI, Subpart B and in the form set forth in Tariff, Attachment P, relating to construction of Attachment Facilities, Network Upgrades, and/or Local Upgrades and coordination of the construction and interconnection of an associated Customer Facility. A separate Interconnection Construction Service Agreement will be executed with each Transmission Owner that is responsible for construction of any Attachment Facilities, Network Upgrades, or Local Upgrades associated with interconnection of a Customer Facility. Interconnection Customer:
Support Call Process means the support call process applicable to all of our customers who have licensed the Tyler Software. A copy of our current Support Call Process is attached as Schedule 1 to Exhibit C.
Dosimetry processor means an individual or an organization that processes and evaluates individual monitoring devices in order to determine the radiation dose delivered to the monitoring devices.
the sub-processor means any processor engaged by the data importer or by any other sub-processor of the data importer who agrees to receive from the data importer or from any other sub-processor of the data importer personal data exclusively intended for processing activities to be carried out on behalf of the data exporter after the transfer in accordance with his instructions, the terms of the Clauses and the terms of the written subcontract;
financial service supplier means any natural or juridical person of a Party wishing to supply or supplying financial services but the term “financial service supplier” does not include a public entity;
Personal services contract means a contract that, by its express terms or as administered, makes the contractor per- sonnel appear to be, in effect, Government employees (see 37.104).
Marijuana processor means a person who processes marijuana items in this state.
Customer System means the Customer's computing environment (consisting of hardware, software and/or telecommunications networks or equipment) used by the Customer or the Supplier in connection with this Contract which is owned by or licensed to the Customer by a third party and which interfaces with the Supplier System or which is necessary for the Customer to receive the Services;
Interconnection Service Agreement means an agreement among the Transmission Provider, an Interconnection Customer and an Interconnected Transmission Owner regarding interconnection under Tariff, Part IV and Tariff, Part VI.
Contract carrier means any person who, under special and individual contracts or agreements, and
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Assigning the appropriate processor entitled capacity
Question & answer.
How to monitor and set enough processor entitled capacity to fit your workload in shared-capped/uncapped partition(S)?
Running over the capacity entitlement causes performance degradation.
What is the capacity entitlement?
- Physical processors are presented to a logical partition's operating systems as virtual processors.
- Physical processors are virtualized into portions or fractions.
- Each fraction of a single processor equals 0.1 of one processor. There is an additional fraction of 0.01
- The number of cores assigned to a partition is represented by the Capacity Entitlement.
- To display the assigned capacity entitlement for a shared partition use the command # lparstat|awk -F "ent=" '/ent\=/ {print $NF}'
- The output will be the number of processors this partition is entitled to use.
- This is the upper threshold the partition can have from the processor pool (Capped mode).
- The partition can use more than the assigned capacity entitlement (Uncapped mode).
- Capped and uncapped modes details will be illustrated later in this document.
- The number of virtual processors and processing units that are assigned to a partition can be changed through the HMC.
Capacity Entitlement considerations
- Capacity entitlement should be correctly configured for normal production operation and to cover workload during peak time.
- Having enough capacity entitlement is important so as not to impact operating system performance and processor affinity.
- Running over entitled capacity can cause bad affinity and noticeable performance degradation affecting business operation.
Virtual Processors
- A virtual processor is a representation of a physical processor core to the operating system of a partition that uses shared processors.
- It is the number of physical processors that the logical partition can spread out across.
- It represents the upper threshold for the number of physical processors that can be used.
- We recommend not to increase the ratio between the virtual processors to entitled capacity to more than 1.6
- Each partition has its own assigned virtual processors.
- The partition will work only on the virtual processors needed for its workload.
- The unneeded virtual processors assigned to a partition will fold away using processor folding feature.
- To display the current assigned virtual processors use the command # lparstat -i | grep -i "Desired Virtual CPUs"
- Using an HMC, you can change the number of virtual processors and processing units that are assigned to the partition.
Processor affinity
- The probability that a logical processor was dispatched on the same physical processor that it last executed on.
- Running over the entitlement will impact processor affinity.
- If you run within entitlement you generally dispatch the thread each time on the same processor.
- Uncapped mode will not avoid the problems with the processor affinity, this is illustrated below.
- Even an uncapped partition the processor affinity is affected if capacity entitlement exceeds 100%.
- A dedicated partition has an ideal processor affinity.
Processor folding
- Processor folding was introduced in AIX 5.3 TL3.
- Each logical partition has a number of virtual processors assigned to it.
- The logical partition workload will need to use some of those virtual processors.
- Other processors might not be needed for that workload.
- The operating system will fold the idle virtual processors and will run only on those that are needed.
- The parameter vpm_fold_policy controls the application of the virtual processor management feature of processor folding.
- We recommend to keep processor folding enabled, it's enabled by default.
- If disabled, it's recommended to enable it using the command # schedo -p -o vpm_fold_policy=1
- Processor folding is not supported or recommended on VIOS servers.
- Processor folding is disabled by default on VIOS servers.
- Use the command # man schedo for more information about how to check and set different folding options.
- Use the command mpstat in parallel with -s flag to monitor the folded processors.
Dedicated Partitions
- A dedicated partition uses a dedicated number of whole processors.
- It can share its un-used processors if it was in donating mode.
- Its processor pool is extended with ceded idle cycles in donating mode.
- It will not borrow any processors if needed.
- The Dedicated-donating mode can be enabled via HMC.
- Enable it under lpar Processors tab from 'Processor Sharing' option.
- A dedicated partition will not work with the processor pool.
- Capacity entitlement statistics will not be displayed for dedicated partitions.
- System, user, wait and idle consumption averages should be monitored.
- A dedicated partition has the ideal processor affinity.
Shared Partitions
- A shared partition uses fractional numbers of processors.
- It can share its non-used processors to another partition in the processor pool.
- It will borrow additional processors if needed (Uncapped node).
- It can not borrow additional processors if needed in capped mode.
- A partition can be assigned to a specific processor pool.
- If there are no user created pools, all partitions will work in the default processor pool.
- Capacity entitlement statistics will be displayed for shared partitions.
- System, user, wait, idle consumption averages and capacity entitlement should be monitored if Capped.
- If uncapped monitor the capacity entitlement.
What is the shared processor pool?
- Groups all cores that are not dedicated into specific logical partitions (default shared processor pool)
- The default shared processor pool is created by default.
- Some Power models allow you to use the HMC to configure multiple shared processor pools.
- It allows the sharing of processing capacity among multiple logical partitions.
- Dedicated processors do not take advantage of a processor pool.
- Dedicated donating partitions extend the processor pool with ceded idle processor cycles.
Sharing modes Capped/Uncapped
- Capped mode doesn't allow the partition to exceed the assigned entitled capacity even if there are free resources in the processor pool.
- Uncapped mode will let the logical partition to get more processing units if needed if enough resources were available.
- Uncapped partitions have access to spare processor cycles in the shared processor pool.
- Capacity entitlement no longer represents the maximum number of cores available in reference to the partition capacity weight.
Capacity Weight
- Capacity weight is the partition priority in having resources from the processor pool if needed.
- Uncapped weight is a number in the range of 0 through 255, the default uncapped weight value is 128.
- Unused capacity is distributed to contending partitions in proportion to the established value of the uncapped weight.
- Capacity weight for critical partitions could have a slightly higher weight.
- The lower the weight value to less likely it will allocate processing cycles when exceeding entitlement.
- An uncapped partition with a capacity weight of zero will cause it to work as it's capped mode.
- Capacity weight can be adjusted dynamically from HMC as needed.
- Capacity weight is not always considered and ignored in some cases.
Logical processor
- Represents an individual Simultaneous Multi-threading SMT thread of a physical processor.
- Equals the total number of cores assigned multiplied by SMT: lcpu = vCPU * SMT
- Hypervisor virtual processor core corresponds to one AIX logical processor when SMT is disabled.
- Use the command #lparstat to check number of logical processors.
- Number of lcpus configured should be evaluated against the number of process threads on the run queue
- Some threads on the run queue may be waiting for an available logical cpu.
- Additional virtual processors might be needed if there are threads on the run queue waiting for lcpu.
Simultaneous Multi Threading SMT
- Allows processors to have thread level parallelism at the instruction level.
- The smtctl command controls the enabling and disabling of processor SMT mode.
- When booting a Power8 logical partition, the default number of SMT thread is 4
- To increase the default number of SMT threads dynamically on a Power8, use # smtctl -t 8 and run bosboot to make it persist across reboots.
- Use the command # smtct l to check the current SMT mode.
How to benefit from the uncapped feature
- To display the current assigned capacity entitlement use the command # lparstat|awk -F "ent=" '/ent\=/ {print $NF}'
- To display the logical partition Processor Capacity Weight use the command # lparstat -i | grep -i "Variable Capacity Weight" - - default is 128.
- To check the partition type use the command # lparstat -i | awk '/Type/{print $NF}' - - the output might be shared or dedicated.
- To check the partition shared processor mode use the command # lparstat -i | awk '/capped/{print $NF}' - - the output is Capped or Uncapped.
How to monitor the available processors in the shared processor pool?
- Monitoring the available processors in the shared processor pool is very important.
- Having less than one spare processor in the pool as free resource will cause a performance degradation.
- Additional spare processors should to be added to the processor pool if needed.
- The available processors in the pool are represented in the "app" column from lparstat command output
- By default the "app" column is not found in lparstat output
- Turning "app" on does not impact the system's performance.
How to enable the partition to gather the available processors information "app" ?
- Log on to HMC
- Right click on the specific LPAR
- Check box of 'Allow performance information collection'
- Or use HMC command line $ chsyscfg -m <sys name> -r lpar -i "name=<lpar_name>,allow_perf_collection=1"
- There is less than one spare processor (minimum is 0.17) in the shared processor pool.
- This will have an impact on the performance.
- This indicates a need for additional spare processors to be added to the processor pool.
- Monitor the partition with more snapshots to confirm if more processors are needed.
Monitoring the capacity entitlement: There are many tools to monitor and to address the processor capacity entitlement problems. If you need to check capacity entitlement yourself you can use the command line to get an average entitlement value during the time you think it's a peak time from production operation higher workload. Examples using lparstat command:
- Use lparstat 1 60 for a one minute test to get 60 snapshots each second.
- Or use lparstat 1 120 for a longer measurements period.
- Use lparstat 2 60 to change the frequency gap with 2 seconds.
- Using lparstat 10 60 to get sixty samples ten seconds apart.
- %user indicates the percentage of the entitled processing capacity used while executing at the user level (application).
- %sys is the percentage of the entitled processing capacity used while executing at the system level (kernel).
- %idle is the percentage of the entitled processing capacity unused while the partition was idle and did not have any outstanding disk I/O request.
- %wait indicates the percentage of the entitled processing capacity unused while the partition was idle and had outstanding disk I/O request(s).
- %entc column indicates the percentage of the physical processor consumed, those statistics are displayed only when the partition type is shared.
- For both dedicated and shared partitions you still need to have a look over user, sys, wait and idle percentages.
- We recommend to have the average as well for each within a specific window as we made with the capacity entitlement.
- Usually we should not see high usage for the summation of both %user and %sys averages.
- For more details about the outputs above we recommend to read the manual pages of lparstat command use the command # man lparstat
- The output shows high physical processor consumed with slightly high values in %entc exceeding 100%
- That's why we have to get an average usage so we can confirm if they were just spikes and no action needed or the processor entitlement should be increased.
How to get capacity entitlement average, maximum and minimum consumption from lparstat command with one minute test: We need to get the average, maximum and the minimum usage the processors consumed during this time (one minute) to check the capacity entitlement and to get the appropriate suggested capacity entitlement partition should have. Use the following command to run lparstat command for one minute to generate 60 measurements each measurement will be every one second and to direct the output to the file physc.int:
- The maximum value is the maximum number the physical processors consumed during that time and it is important to keep it under 100% for normal production operation.
- If the maximum value reached more than 100% it might be just a spike or more than a single spike hence you should have another look over the minimum number.
- Having a minimum value over 100% means we have 60 measurements over 100% which means it is no longer just a spike but a workload with capacity entitlement problem.
- In this case round the average value to the next 0.10 equivalent to get the appropriate capacity entitlement to assign to this partition only if the application or the database running on this partition or the operating system itself are not having a specific process hogging and eating the CPU time.
- The above test would be applicable only if you need to monitor the entitled capacity or to know how much entitled capacity should be assigned for your environment and workload. For any other processor problems, such as a specific process is eating most of CPU time, gather perfpmr data and upload to IBM Support for analysis or to check with the application owner on why that process is consuming that much processor usage.
- We recommend using a 10 minute window for more measurements and accurate results.
- If another number is specified rather than 60 to collect more measurements, make sure to change its equivalent in the above command that gets the average usage.
- If for example 'lparstat 1 120' used then the command will be # awk '/^.[0-9]/{sum+=$5}END{printf "%.2f\n",sum/120}' physc.int
- Compare the average value with capacity entitlement assigned.
- The average value is 9.92 and the capacity entitlement is 9.00
- Round the average capacity entitlement value to the next '0.10' equivalent which will be 10.00
- The entitled capacity should be increased to 10.00 for better operation.
- If a specific process is eating most of CPU time, you still need to involve IBM support team or the application vendor.
- The appropriate data to check the problem is a perfpmr data.
- This suite of scripts can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/aix/tools/perftools/perfpmr
- Download the appropriate version for your version of AIX.
- Run the perfpmr scripts then upload the data to IBM Support for analysis and possible fix.
- The application vendor can check also if there is a problem with the application with high CPU usage.
How to get the averages for different CPU modes? Using the same above file physc.int that contains the output from # lparstat 1 60
- %user: Use the command # awk '/^..[0-9]/{sum+=$1}END{printf "%.2f\n",sum/60}' physc.int
- %sys: Use the command # awk '/^..[0-9]/{sum+=$2}END{printf "%.2f\n",sum/60}' physc.int
- %wait: Use the command # awk '/^..[0-9]/{sum+=$3}END{printf "%.2f\n",sum/60}' physc.int
- %idle: Use the command # awk '/^..[0-9]/{sum+=$4}END{printf "%.2f\n",sum/60}' physc.int
- With the vmstat command above we used 600 snapshots for more measurements for better results.
- Look for the pc column values under cpu and get its average.
- The column pc is the number of physical processors used and displayed only if the partition is running with shared processor.
- You won't find that column if this is run on a dedicated partition.
Cheers, Mahmoud M. Elshafey
Related Information
AIX MustGather: System Performance Analysis
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My mortgage is in “processing.” What does a mortgage loan processor do?
In this article:
The mortgage loan processor is the link between you, your loan officer and your underwriter. And he or she is arguably the most important member of the team.
- Many processors take your application so you don’t have to fill out forms
- Processors pull all the pieces together - they may order open escrow, appraisals and inspections, pull credit reports, verify your income and document your assets
- Processors submit your application package and follow up on requests from the underwriter
Of course, every lender has its own process and its own rules for processors.
Mortgage loan processor roles
The National Association of Mortgage Processors says, “The primary function of the Loan Processor is to ensure the timely and accurate packaging of all loans originated by loan officers.” So it’s mostly an administrative role.
How do I know that I’ll be approved for a mortgage?
Mortgage loan processors typically:
- Collect and collate all the information needed to approve a loan and make informed decisions concerning an application
- Input that information into the lender’s IT systems
- Verify information through documents you supply
- Make third-party checks with credit bureaus, employers, accountants and so on
- Order an appraisal of the home
- Obtain title insurance and flood insurance (if needed)
- Ensure the compliance of your case with regulatory requirements and internal policies
- Order the final loan documents
- Ensure the loan stays on track to close on time
- Schedule appointment for closing
You can usually expect a mortgage loan processor to be involved throughout the application process: from pre-approval to closing.
Working with your loan processor
Some lenders see loan processing as an entirely “back-office” function. You may never even meet your processor and your only contact may be your loan officer.
However, other lenders encourage direct contact between processors and applicants. So what should you expect if you get a call or email from yours?
Related: What happens at your mortgage document signing appointment?
What you should hope for is someone who’s an expert administrator with a focus on moving your mortgage application through the system in a timely way. In this sense, your processor’s goals overlap perfectly with yours.
Seeing it from your processor’s point of view
However, you risk coming into conflict over the minutiae of your case. You can’t understand why she’s so insistent on receiving January’s bank statement and last month’s pay stub (you know they’re somewhere ) so urgently. And she can’t understand why you don’t just get on and send them.
The fact is, your processor is responsible for ensuring your application complies with a whole raft of external regulations and internal policies. And it’s highly unlikely she personally will have the discretion to overlook any compliance requirements.
Advantages of a good relationship
Having said that, a processor often has some workarounds. He might suggest an alternative that might get you out of a hole. For instance, it can be difficult proving that you’re receiving alimony if you don’t deposit it separately or keep copies of the checks. And who wants to have to ask their ex for canceled checks?
A processor may find a way around this, ordering copies of the actual deposits from your bank. So you need him on your side. The last thing you want is to be deliberately unhelpful or gratuitously rude.
In fact, building a good working relationship with her can help you. You want her to see you as a person rather than a case number each time she picks up your file. Even the most objective professionals work harder for those they like.
Self-help for mortgage applicants
Of course, the easiest way to get your mortgage loan processor to like you is to cause him as few headaches as possible. You can do that by supplying all the documents he needs upfront and anticipating any queries that might arise from them.
How to rush your mortgage to the closing table
No matter what sort of mortgage you’re applying for, your lender will want to satisfy itself over six areas of your life. It will need documents to support claims you make about your:
- Identity — Photo ID, social security number, past residential addresses
- Employment history and income stability
- Credit and debt management ability
- Expenses, payments and account balances
- Assets, including cash, retirement and investment accounts
- The source of funds for your down payment, if purchasing
Be prepared
Your lender will get your credit reports and scores itself. But you’ll be expected to supply it with the paperwork it needs to verify the other information.
You can do yourself a big favor by pulling together all the documents you’re going to need before you make your application for either a mortgage or pre-approval. It’s one less thing to worry about later when you’ll be under pressure. And it will give you a chance to get copies of anything that’s been lost in your filing system.
The documentation required for today’s best mortgage rates
The extent to which lenders will crawl over your personal finances can feel intrusive. And their tick-box systems can feel overly rigid and bureaucratic. But remember:
- You’re asking to borrow a huge amount of money so it’s only reasonable they’ll want to know all about you
- They may not be asking for themselves. They often have to comply with third-party rules from regulators or loan guarantors, such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, the VA, the FHA and so on
- Their main objective is to make sure you can comfortably afford payments on your new mortgage and won’t get into financial trouble later
Your best way to navigate through this stressful time is with Zen-like calm. Taking out your irritation, resentment or frustration on your mortgage loan processor is unlikely to help.
The Mortgage Reports Editor
What Is Processor Scheduling?
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How Do I Get Windows Live Movie Maker to Run More Smoothly on My Computer?
What processors are best for desktops, what are the types of intel processors.
- Definition of Critical Path Scheduling
- Can a GPU Speed Up a Computer?
Processor scheduling is the allocation of a computer's processor power to specific tasks. The practice uses the term "scheduling" because it assigns a specific percentage of time the processor is running to individual tasks. Processor scheduling is used to prevent specific tasks from monopolizing all of a computer's processor resources. Processor scheduling is also used to assign processors to different instances of Windows in virtual machines as well as to share CPU capacity with users connecting to a computer through remote desktop.
Task Priority
Most of the processor scheduling is handled semi-automatically by the operating system in Windows 8. The most basic form of processor scheduling is set by assigning each individual task a priority rating in increasing order of importance of low, below normal, normal, above normal, high and real-time. The higher the level of importance, the more processor time or usage Windows will assign to the task. Tasks that have more processing time assigned to them will run and complete faster. The process isn't a chronological schedule like appointments on a calendar but rather a hierarchy of importance.
Core Assignment
Windows 8's processor scheduling can be further customized through affinity settings. Affinity settings tell the computer which processors and processor cores can be used to operate any given program. Affinity settings are not available on computers that feature a single processor with a single core; however, multi-core processors and multi-processor computers can take advantage of this setting. Core assignment applies in conjunction with task prioritization. For example, with a four-core, single-processor computer you can use affinity settings to enable video-editing software to use only three of the cores. If you're running a task that uses all available CPU power like exporting video, the computer will use only the three assigned cores for the process, leaving the fourth core available for handling other tasks on the computer like a Web browser. Affinity schedules the video editing task to all of the time for three of the cores and none of the time for the other one.
Foreground and Background
Processor scheduling is also important for your computer to handle foreground and background tasks at the same time. Foreground tasks are the programs that are open and you're actively using while background tasks are the programs that run behind the scenes and handle automated tasks. Processor scheduling between foreground and background tasks is automated, which can prevent anti-virus software from taking over the full CPU usage when running a routine scan and rendering the system unusable until it completes.
Control Options
Processor scheduling options are mostly automated but can be fine tuned in the Task Manager window. You can access both the affinity and priority settings on the Processes tab of the task manger by right-clicking on any displayed task and selecting it from the drop-down menu. Priority is assigned through a drop-down menu and affinity is handled through check boxes pertaining to each core. Windows Server operating systems have additional advanced processor scheduling abilities.
- Microsoft: Beyond the Basics
- SearchITChannel: Optimizing Windows 7 Application Performance
- Microsoft: Change Processor Scheduling Options
- Extreme Tech: Windows 8 Task Manager: Good News if You Have More than One CPU
- Tech Republic: Change the Processor Affinity Setting in Windows 7 to Gain a Performance Edge
- VMware: Configure Processor Scheduling Affinity
Dan Stone started writing professionally in 2006, specializing in education, technology and music. He is a web developer for a communications company and previously worked in television. Stone received a Bachelor of Arts in journalism and a Master of Arts in communication studies from Northern Illinois University.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Is my Durham County concealed handgun permit valid in other states?
How do I obtain a concealed handgun permit application? Concealed handgun permit applications are available for pick up at the Sheriff’s Office Records Division, or an electronic version is available for download here . Renewal applications are also available at the Records Division or may be downloaded here . The Sheriff’s Office Records Division is open Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Back to Top How much does a new concealed handgun permit cost? $90 cash
Back to Top How much does it cost to renew a concealed handgun permit? $85 cash
Back to Top How much does a duplicate concealed handgun permit cost? $15 cash
Back to Top Why does it cost so much to obtain a concealed handgun permit? Licensing fees are mandated by the State of North Carolina. An explanation of the fees can be found here , under section §14-415-19.
Back to Top What documents do I need to apply for a concealed handgun permit? North Carolina driver’s license or ID card (a North Carolina driver’s license or ID card is not required for active duty military personnel); original certificate showing completion of an approved firearms safety course; completed application packet; Veterans Affairs medical release form (if applicable); original DD-214 (if applicable); signed “Do’s and Don’ts of Carrying a Concealed Handgun”; and Citizenship Form & Naturalizations papers if not born in the U.S.; and a copy of military PCS orders (if applicable, this is only required for active duty personnel that are residing in Durham County due to a military assignment but are legal residents of another state or county).
Back to Top How long does it usually take for my concealed handgun permit to be issued? Forty-five to 90 days after all of the required paperwork is received by the Sheriff’s Office. A representative from the Sheriff’s Office will contact you when the concealed handgun permit is ready for pick up.
Back to Top Why does it take so long to issue a concealed handgun permit? The application process is typically slowed down by the acquisition of medical records. Once all of the required medical information is received by the Sheriff’s Office, the rest of the approval process is started.
Back to Top How long is a concealed handgun permit valid for? Five years from the date of issuance.
Back to Top Do I need to be a resident of North Carolina to obtain a concealed handgun permit? Yes. You must be a U.S. citizen and have been a resident of North Carolina for 30 days or longer before applying for a concealed handgun permit. Exemptions for active duty military personnel apply.
Back to Top Are military personnel exempt from residency requirements? Yes. However, the Sheriff’s Office does require active duty personnel to present a copy of their PCS orders to North Carolina and proof of address (such as a utility bill) in Durham County when applying for a concealed handgun permit.
Back to Top I have a valid concealed handgun permit from another county in North Carolina and have moved to Durham County. What do I need to do? Begin by updating your driver’s license to reflect your new address. Then notify the sheriff’s office in your previous county of residence about your address change. Finally, come to the Durham County Sheriff’s Office Records Division to update your file and pay the $15 duplicate concealed handgun permit fee. It typically takes two weeks to receive the new concealed handgun permit from the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation. A representative from the Sheriff’s Office will contact you when the new permit is ready for pick up.
Back to Top I have a valid concealed handgun permit issued in another state and have moved to Durham County. What do I need to do? North Carolina and Durham County recognize valid concealed handgun permits from all 50 states. Please check with your state to ensure your CCW will still be valid under their laws after you move to North Carolina or change your legal residence In any event, 90 days prior to the expiration of your out-of-state concealed handgun permit, you must complete an approved North Carolina firearms safety course. After completing the course you may apply for a new North Carolina concealed handgun permit with the Durham County Sheriff’s Office. Your CCW address is not required to match your NC driver’s unless you intend to purchase a firearm. If you intend to purchase a firearm, you will need a purchase permit. A purchase permit requires a matching address.
Back to Top Does the Durham County Sheriff’s Office have a list of approved firearms safety courses? The Sheriff’s Office does not sponsor or endorse any particular firearms safety course. However, approved courses must be certified or sponsored by the North Carolina Criminal Justice Education and Training Standards Commission or the National Rifle Association. Most local gun dealers and pawn shops have a list of instructors. The Sheriff's Office does not accept online firearms safety courses.
Back to Top Where am I allowed to carry a concealed weapon? Please refer to North Carolina General Statute §14-415.11 for an in-depth explanation of where carrying a concealed weapon is not permitted.
Back to Top I recently moved, but still reside in Durham County. What do I need to do? Begin by updating your driver’s license to reflect your new address. After doing so, come to the Sheriff’s Office Records Division to update the address on your concealed handgun permit and pay the $15 cash fee for a duplicate concealed handgun permit. It typically takes two weeks for the Sheriff’s Office to receive the new permit from the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation. A representative from the Sheriff’s Office will contact you when the new permit is ready for pick up.
Back to Top My concealed handgun permit was lost, stolen or destroyed. What do I need to do? You may obtain a duplicate permit by submitting to the Sheriff’s Office a notarized statement that the permit was lost, stolen or destroyed and paying the required $15 duplicate permit fee.
Back to Top Will the Sheriff’s Office notify me when my concealed handgun permit is ready for pick up? Yes.
Back to Top My legal name is now different than the one on my concealed handgun permit. What do I need to do? Begin by updating your driver’s license to reflect your new name. After doing so, come to the Sheriff’s Office Records Division to update the name on your concealed handgun permit and pay the $15 cash fee for a duplicate concealed handgun permit. Please bring a marriage license or other official document related to your name change for verification. It typically takes two weeks for the Sheriff’s Office to receive the new permit from the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation. A representative from the Sheriff’s Office will contact you when the new permit is ready for pick up.
Back to Top Is my Durham County concealed handgun permit valid in other counties of North Carolina? Yes, a Durham County concealed handgun permit authorizes you to carry a concealed weapon anywhere in North Carolina, when permitted by law.
Back to Top Is my Durham County concealed handgun permit valid in other states? Most states honor a concealed handgun permit issued in North Carolina. However, it’s best to research and confirm a reciprocal agreement is in place before traveling out of state with a concealed weapon. Effective December 1, 2011, North Carolina automatically recognizes concealed handgun permits issued in any of the 50 states.
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5.1 Basic Concepts
- Almost all programs have some alternating cycle of CPU number crunching and waiting for I/O of some kind. ( Even a simple fetch from memory takes a long time relative to CPU speeds. )
- In a simple system running a single process, the time spent waiting for I/O is wasted, and those CPU cycles are lost forever.
- A scheduling system allows one process to use the CPU while another is waiting for I/O, thereby making full use of otherwise lost CPU cycles.
- The challenge is to make the overall system as "efficient" and "fair" as possible, subject to varying and often dynamic conditions, and where "efficient" and "fair" are somewhat subjective terms, often subject to shifting priority policies.
5.1.1 CPU-I/O Burst Cycle Almost all processes alternate between two states in a continuing cycle , as shown in Figure 5.1 below : A CPU burst of performing calculations, and An I/O burst, waiting for data transfer in or out of the system. CPU bursts vary from process to process, and from program to program, but an extensive study shows frequency patterns similar to that shown in Figure 5.2: 5.1.2 CPU Scheduler Whenever the CPU becomes idle, it is the job of the CPU Scheduler ( a.k.a. the short-term scheduler ) to select another process from the ready queue to run next. The storage structure for the ready queue and the algorithm used to select the next process are not necessarily a FIFO queue. There are several alternatives to choose from, as well as numerous adjustable parameters for each algorithm, which is the basic subject of this entire chapter. 5.1.3. Preemptive Scheduling CPU scheduling decisions take place under one of four conditions: When a process switches from the running state to the waiting state, such as for an I/O request or invocation of the wait( ) system call. When a process switches from the running state to the ready state, for example in response to an interrupt. When a process switches from the waiting state to the ready state, say at completion of I/O or a return from wait( ). When a process terminates. For conditions 1 and 4 there is no choice - A new process must be selected. For conditions 2 and 3 there is a choice - To either continue running the current process, or select a different one. If scheduling takes place only under conditions 1 and 4, the system is said to be non-preemptive , or cooperative . Under these conditions, once a process starts running it keeps running, until it either voluntarily blocks or until it finishes. Otherwise the system is said to be preemptive. Windows used non-preemptive scheduling up to Windows 3.x, and started using pre-emptive scheduling with Win95. Macs used non-preemptive prior to OSX, and pre-emptive since then. Note that pre-emptive scheduling is only possible on hardware that supports a timer interrupt. Note that pre-emptive scheduling can cause problems when two processes share data, because one process may get interrupted in the middle of updating shared data structures. Chapter 6 will examine this issue in greater detail. Preemption can also be a problem if the kernel is busy implementing a system call ( e.g. updating critical kernel data structures ) when the preemption occurs. Most modern UNIXes deal with this problem by making the process wait until the system call has either completed or blocked before allowing the preemption Unfortunately this solution is problematic for real-time systems, as real-time response can no longer be guaranteed. Some critical sections of code protect themselves from concurrency problems by disabling interrupts before entering the critical section and re-enabling interrupts on exiting the section. Needless to say, this should only be done in rare situations, and only on very short pieces of code that will finish quickly, ( usually just a few machine instructions. ) 5.1.4 Dispatcher The dispatcher is the module that gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the scheduler. This function involves: Switching context. Switching to user mode. Jumping to the proper location in the newly loaded program. The dispatcher needs to be as fast as possible, as it is run on every context switch. The time consumed by the dispatcher is known as dispatch latency.
5.2 Scheduling Criteria
- CPU utilization - Ideally the CPU would be busy 100% of the time, so as to waste 0 CPU cycles. On a real system CPU usage should range from 40% ( lightly loaded ) to 90% ( heavily loaded. )
- Throughput - Number of processes completed per unit time. May range from 10 / second to 1 / hour depending on the specific processes.
- Turnaround time - Time required for a particular process to complete, from submission time to completion. ( Wall clock time. )
- ( Load average - The average number of processes sitting in the ready queue waiting their turn to get into the CPU. Reported in 1-minute, 5-minute, and 15-minute averages by "uptime" and "who". )
- Response time - The time taken in an interactive program from the issuance of a command to the commence of a response to that command.
- In general one wants to optimize the average value of a criteria ( Maximize CPU utilization and throughput, and minimize all the others. ) However some times one wants to do something different, such as to minimize the maximum response time.
- Sometimes it is most desirable to minimize the variance of a criteria than the actual value. I.e. users are more accepting of a consistent predictable system than an inconsistent one, even if it is a little bit slower.
5.3 Scheduling Algorithms
The following subsections will explain several common scheduling strategies, looking at only a single CPU burst each for a small number of processes. Obviously real systems have to deal with a lot more simultaneous processes executing their CPU-I/O burst cycles. 5.3.1 First-Come First-Serve Scheduling, FCFS FCFS is very simple - Just a FIFO queue, like customers waiting in line at the bank or the post office or at a copying machine. Unfortunately, however, FCFS can yield some very long average wait times, particularly if the first process to get there takes a long time. For example, consider the following three processes: Process Burst Time P1 24 P2 3 P3 3
- In the first Gantt chart below, process P1 arrives first. The average waiting time for the three processes is ( 0 + 24 + 27 ) / 3 = 17.0 ms.
- In the second Gantt chart below, the same three processes have an average wait time of ( 0 + 3 + 6 ) / 3 = 3.0 ms. The total run time for the three bursts is the same, but in the second case two of the three finish much quicker, and the other process is only delayed by a short amount.
- FCFS can also block the system in a busy dynamic system in another way, known as the convoy effect . When one CPU intensive process blocks the CPU, a number of I/O intensive processes can get backed up behind it, leaving the I/O devices idle. When the CPU hog finally relinquishes the CPU, then the I/O processes pass through the CPU quickly, leaving the CPU idle while everyone queues up for I/O, and then the cycle repeats itself when the CPU intensive process gets back to the ready queue.
5.3.2 Shortest-Job-First Scheduling, SJF
- The idea behind the SJF algorithm is to pick the quickest fastest little job that needs to be done, get it out of the way first, and then pick the next smallest fastest job to do next.
- ( Technically this algorithm picks a process based on the next shortest CPU burst , not the overall process time. )
- For example, the Gantt chart below is based upon the following CPU burst times, ( and the assumption that all jobs arrive at the same time. )
Process Burst Time P1 6 P2 8 P3 7 P4 3
- In the case above the average wait time is ( 0 + 3 + 9 + 16 ) / 4 = 7.0 ms, ( as opposed to 10.25 ms for FCFS for the same processes. )
- For long-term batch jobs this can be done based upon the limits that users set for their jobs when they submit them, which encourages them to set low limits, but risks their having to re-submit the job if they set the limit too low. However that does not work for short-term CPU scheduling on an interactive system.
- Another option would be to statistically measure the run time characteristics of jobs, particularly if the same tasks are run repeatedly and predictably. But once again that really isn't a viable option for short term CPU scheduling in the real world.
- A more practical approach is to predict the length of the next burst, based on some historical measurement of recent burst times for this process. One simple, fast, and relatively accurate method is the exponential average , which can be defined as follows. ( The book uses tau and t for their variables, but those are hard to distinguish from one another and don't work well in HTML. )
estimate[ i + 1 ] = alpha * burst[ i ] + ( 1.0 - alpha ) * estimate[ i ]
- In this scheme the previous estimate contains the history of all previous times, and alpha serves as a weighting factor for the relative importance of recent data versus past history. If alpha is 1.0, then past history is ignored, and we assume the next burst will be the same length as the last burst. If alpha is 0.0, then all measured burst times are ignored, and we just assume a constant burst time. Most commonly alpha is set at 0.5, as illustrated in Figure 5.3:
- SJF can be either preemptive or non-preemptive. Preemption occurs when a new process arrives in the ready queue that has a predicted burst time shorter than the time remaining in the process whose burst is currently on the CPU. Preemptive SJF is sometimes referred to as shortest remaining time first scheduling.
- For example, the following Gantt chart is based upon the following data:
Process Arrival Time Burst Time P1 0 8 P2 1 4 P3 2 9 p4 3 5
- The average wait time in this case is ( ( 5 - 3 ) + ( 10 - 1 ) + ( 17 - 2 ) ) / 4 = 26 / 4 = 6.5 ms. ( As opposed to 7.75 ms for non-preemptive SJF or 8.75 for FCFS. )
5.3.3 Priority Scheduling
- Priority scheduling is a more general case of SJF, in which each job is assigned a priority and the job with the highest priority gets scheduled first. ( SJF uses the inverse of the next expected burst time as its priority - The smaller the expected burst, the higher the priority. )
- Note that in practice, priorities are implemented using integers within a fixed range, but there is no agreed-upon convention as to whether "high" priorities use large numbers or small numbers. This book uses low number for high priorities, with 0 being the highest possible priority.
- For example, the following Gantt chart is based upon these process burst times and priorities, and yields an average waiting time of 8.2 ms:
Process Burst Time Priority P1 10 3 P2 1 1 P3 2 4 P4 1 5 P5 5 2
- Priorities can be assigned either internally or externally. Internal priorities are assigned by the OS using criteria such as average burst time, ratio of CPU to I/O activity, system resource use, and other factors available to the kernel. External priorities are assigned by users, based on the importance of the job, fees paid, politics, etc.
- Priority scheduling can be either preemptive or non-preemptive.
- If this problem is allowed to occur, then processes will either run eventually when the system load lightens ( at say 2:00 a.m. ), or will eventually get lost when the system is shut down or crashes. ( There are rumors of jobs that have been stuck for years. )
- One common solution to this problem is aging , in which priorities of jobs increase the longer they wait. Under this scheme a low-priority job will eventually get its priority raised high enough that it gets run.
5.3.4 Round Robin Scheduling
- Round robin scheduling is similar to FCFS scheduling, except that CPU bursts are assigned with limits called time quantum .
- If the process finishes its burst before the time quantum timer expires, then it is swapped out of the CPU just like the normal FCFS algorithm.
- If the timer goes off first, then the process is swapped out of the CPU and moved to the back end of the ready queue.
- The ready queue is maintained as a circular queue, so when all processes have had a turn, then the scheduler gives the first process another turn, and so on.
- RR scheduling can give the effect of all processors sharing the CPU equally, although the average wait time can be longer than with other scheduling algorithms. In the following example the average wait time is 5.66 ms.
Process Burst Time P1 24 P2 3 P3 3
- The performance of RR is sensitive to the time quantum selected. If the quantum is large enough, then RR reduces to the FCFS algorithm; If it is very small, then each process gets 1/nth of the processor time and share the CPU equally.
- BUT , a real system invokes overhead for every context switch, and the smaller the time quantum the more context switches there are. ( See Figure 5.4 below. ) Most modern systems use time quantum between 10 and 100 milliseconds, and context switch times on the order of 10 microseconds, so the overhead is small relative to the time quantum.
- Turn around time also varies with quantum time, in a non-apparent manner. Consider, for example the processes shown in Figure 5.5:
- In general, turnaround time is minimized if most processes finish their next cpu burst within one time quantum. For example, with three processes of 10 ms bursts each, the average turnaround time for 1 ms quantum is 29, and for 10 ms quantum it reduces to 20. However, if it is made too large, then RR just degenerates to FCFS. A rule of thumb is that 80% of CPU bursts should be smaller than the time quantum.
5.3.5 Multilevel Queue Scheduling
- When processes can be readily categorized, then multiple separate queues can be established, each implementing whatever scheduling algorithm is most appropriate for that type of job, and/or with different parametric adjustments.
- Scheduling must also be done between queues, that is scheduling one queue to get time relative to other queues. Two common options are strict priority ( no job in a lower priority queue runs until all higher priority queues are empty ) and round-robin ( each queue gets a time slice in turn, possibly of different sizes. )
- Note that under this algorithm jobs cannot switch from queue to queue - Once they are assigned a queue, that is their queue until they finish.
5.3.6 Multilevel Feedback-Queue Scheduling
- If the characteristics of a job change between CPU-intensive and I/O intensive, then it may be appropriate to switch a job from one queue to another.
- Aging can also be incorporated, so that a job that has waited for a long time can get bumped up into a higher priority queue for a while.
- The number of queues.
- The scheduling algorithm for each queue.
- The methods used to upgrade or demote processes from one queue to another. ( Which may be different. )
- The method used to determine which queue a process enters initially.
5.4 Thread Scheduling
- The process scheduler schedules only the kernel threads.
- User threads are mapped to kernel threads by the thread library - The OS ( and in particular the scheduler ) is unaware of them.
5.4.1 Contention Scope Contention scope refers to the scope in which threads compete for the use of physical CPUs. On systems implementing many-to-one and many-to-many threads, Process Contention Scope, PCS, occurs, because competition occurs between threads that are part of the same process. ( This is the management / scheduling of multiple user threads on a single kernel thread, and is managed by the thread library. ) System Contention Scope, SCS, involves the system scheduler scheduling kernel threads to run on one or more CPUs. Systems implementing one-to-one threads ( XP, Solaris 9, Linux ), use only SCS. PCS scheduling is typically done with priority, where the programmer can set and/or change the priority of threads created by his or her programs. Even time slicing is not guaranteed among threads of equal priority. 5.4.2 Pthread Scheduling The Pthread library provides for specifying scope contention: PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS schedules threads using PCS, by scheduling user threads onto available LWPs using the many-to-many model. PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM schedules threads using SCS, by binding user threads to particular LWPs, effectively implementing a one-to-one model. getscope and setscope methods provide for determining and setting the scope contention respectively: Figure 5.8
5.5 Multiple-Processor Scheduling
- When multiple processors are available, then the scheduling gets more complicated, because now there is more than one CPU which must be kept busy and in effective use at all times.
- Load sharing revolves around balancing the load between multiple processors.
- Multi-processor systems may be heterogeneous, ( different kinds of CPUs ), or homogenous, ( all the same kind of CPU ). Even in the latter case there may be special scheduling constraints, such as devices which are connected via a private bus to only one of the CPUs. This book will restrict its discussion to homogenous systems.
5.5.1 Approaches to Multiple-Processor Scheduling One approach to multi-processor scheduling is asymmetric multiprocessing, in which one processor is the master, controlling all activities and running all kernel code, while the other runs only user code. This approach is relatively simple, as there is no need to share critical system data. Another approach is symmetric multiprocessing, SMP, where each processor schedules its own jobs, either from a common ready queue or from separate ready queues for each processor. Virtually all modern OSes support SMP, including XP, Win 2000, Solaris, Linux, and Mac OSX. 5.5.2 Processor Affinity Processors contain cache memory, which speeds up repeated accesses to the same memory locations. If a process were to switch from one processor to another each time it got a time slice, the data in the cache ( for that process ) would have to be invalidated and re-loaded from main memory, thereby obviating the benefit of the cache. Therefore SMP systems attempt to keep processes on the same processor, via processor affinity. Soft affinity occurs when the system attempts to keep processes on the same processor but makes no guarantees. Linux and some other OSes support hard affinity, in which a process specifies that it is not to be moved between processors. Main memory architecture can also affect process affinity, if particular CPUs have faster access to memory on the same chip or board than to other memory loaded elsewhere. ( Non-Uniform Memory Access, NUMA. ) As shown below, if a process has an affinity for a particular CPU, then it should preferentially be assigned memory storage in "local" fast access areas.
5.5.3 Load Balancing
- Obviously an important goal in a multiprocessor system is to balance the load between processors, so that one processor won't be sitting idle while another is overloaded.
- Systems using a common ready queue are naturally self-balancing, and do not need any special handling. Most systems, however, maintain separate ready queues for each processor.
- Push migration involves a separate process that runs periodically, ( e.g. every 200 milliseconds ), and moves processes from heavily loaded processors onto less loaded ones.
- Pull migration involves idle processors taking processes from the ready queues of other processors.
- Push and pull migration are not mutually exclusive.
- Note that moving processes from processor to processor to achieve load balancing works against the principle of processor affinity, and if not carefully managed, the savings gained by balancing the system can be lost in rebuilding caches. One option is to only allow migration when imbalance surpasses a given threshold.
5.5.4 Multicore Processors
- Traditional SMP required multiple CPU chips to run multiple kernel threads concurrently.
- Recent trends are to put multiple CPUs ( cores ) onto a single chip, which appear to the system as multiple processors.
- Compute cycles can be blocked by the time needed to access memory, whenever the needed data is not already present in the cache. ( Cache misses. ) In Figure 5.10, as much as half of the CPU cycles are lost to memory stall.
- By assigning multiple kernel threads to a single processor, memory stall can be avoided ( or reduced ) by running one thread on the processor while the other thread waits for memory.
- A dual-threaded dual-core system has four logical processors available to the operating system. The UltraSPARC T1 CPU has 8 cores per chip and 4 hardware threads per core, for a total of 32 logical processors per chip.
- Coarse-grained multithreading switches between threads only when one thread blocks, say on a memory read. Context switching is similar to process switching, with considerable overhead.
- Fine-grained multithreading occurs on smaller regular intervals, say on the boundary of instruction cycles. However the architecture is designed to support thread switching, so the overhead is relatively minor.
- The OS schedules which kernel thread(s) to assign to which logical processors, and when to make context switches using algorithms as described above.
- The UltraSPARC T1 uses a simple round-robin method to schedule the 4 logical processors ( kernel threads ) on each physical core.
- The Intel Itanium is a dual-core chip which uses a 7-level priority scheme ( urgency ) to determine which thread to schedule when one of 5 different events occurs.
5.5.5 Virtualization and Scheduling
- Virtualization adds another layer of complexity and scheduling.
- Typically there is one host operating system operating on "real" processor(s) and a number of guest operating systems operating on virtual processors.
- The Host OS creates some number of virtual processors and presents them to the guest OSes as if they were real processors.
- The guest OSes don't realize their processors are virtual, and make scheduling decisions on the assumption of real processors.
- As a result, interactive and especially real-time performance can be severely compromised on guest systems. The time-of-day clock will also frequently be off.
5.6 Operating System Examples
5.6.1 Example: Solaris Scheduling Priority-based kernel thread scheduling. Four classes ( real-time, system, interactive, and time-sharing ), and multiple queues / algorithms within each class. Default is time-sharing. Process priorities and time slices are adjusted dynamically in a multilevel-feedback priority queue system. Time slices are inversely proportional to priority - Higher priority jobs get smaller time slices. Interactive jobs have higher priority than CPU-Bound ones. See the table below for some of the 60 priority levels and how they shift. "Time quantum expired" and "return from sleep" indicate the new priority when those events occur. ( Larger numbers are a higher, i.e. better priority. ) Figure 5.12 Solaris 9 introduced two new scheduling classes: Fixed priority and fair share. Fixed priority is similar to time sharing, but not adjusted dynamically. Fair share uses shares of CPU time rather than priorities to schedule jobs. A certain share of the available CPU time is allocated to a project, which is a set of processes. System class is reserved for kernel use. ( User programs running in kernel mode are NOT considered in the system scheduling class. )
5.6.2 Example: Windows XP Scheduling
- Windows XP uses a priority-based preemptive scheduling algorithm.
- The dispatcher uses a 32-level priority scheme to determine the order of thread execution, divided into two classes - variable class from 1 to 15 and real-time class from 16 to 31, ( plus a thread at priority 0 managing memory. )
- There is also a special idle thread that is scheduled when no other threads are ready.
- Win XP identifies 7 priority classes ( rows on the table below ), and 6 relative priorities within each class ( columns. )
- Processes are also each given a base priority within their priority class. When variable class processes consume their entire time quanta, then their priority gets lowered, but not below their base priority.
- Processes in the foreground ( active window ) have their scheduling quanta multiplied by 3, to give better response to interactive processes in the foreground.
5.6.3 Example: Linux Scheduling
- Modern Linux scheduling provides improved support for SMP systems, and a scheduling algorithm that runs in O(1) time as the number of processes increases.
- The Linux scheduler is a preemptive priority-based algorithm with two priority ranges - Real time from 0 to 99 and a nice range from 100 to 140.
- Unlike Solaris or XP, Linux assigns longer time quantums to higher priority tasks.
- A runnable task is considered eligible for execution as long as it has not consumed all the time available in it's time slice. Those tasks are stored in an active array , indexed according to priority.
- When a process consumes its time slice, it is moved to an expired array. The tasks priority may be re-assigned as part of the transferal.
- When the active array becomes empty, the two arrays are swapped.
- These arrays are stored in runqueue structures. On multiprocessor machines, each processor has its own scheduler with its own runqueue.
5.7 Algorithm Evaluation
- The first step in determining which algorithm ( and what parameter settings within that algorithm ) is optimal for a particular operating environment is to determine what criteria are to be used, what goals are to be targeted, and what constraints if any must be applied. For example, one might want to "maximize CPU utilization, subject to a maximum response time of 1 second".
- Once criteria have been established, then different algorithms can be analyzed and a "best choice" determined. The following sections outline some different methods for determining the "best choice".
5.7.1 Deterministic Modeling If a specific workload is known, then the exact values for major criteria can be fairly easily calculated, and the "best" determined. For example, consider the following workload ( with all processes arriving at time 0 ), and the resulting schedules determined by three different algorithms: Process Burst Time P1 10 P2 29 P3 3 P4 7 P5 12
- The average waiting times for FCFS, SJF, and RR are 28ms, 13ms, and 23ms respectively.
- Deterministic modeling is fast and easy, but it requires specific known input, and the results only apply for that particular set of input. However by examining multiple similar cases, certain trends can be observed. ( Like the fact that for processes arriving at the same time, SJF will always yield the shortest average wait time. )
5.7.2 Queuing Models
- Specific process data is often not available, particularly for future times. However a study of historical performance can often produce statistical descriptions of certain important parameters, such as the rate at which new processes arrive, the ratio of CPU bursts to I/O times, the distribution of CPU burst times and I/O burst times, etc.
- Armed with those probability distributions and some mathematical formulas, it is possible to calculate certain performance characteristics of individual waiting queues. For example, Little's Formula says that for an average queue length of N, with an average waiting time in the queue of W, and an average arrival of new jobs in the queue of Lambda, then these three terms can be related by:
N = Lambda * W
- Queuing models treat the computer as a network of interconnected queues, each of which is described by its probability distribution statistics and formulas such as Little's formula. Unfortunately real systems and modern scheduling algorithms are so complex as to make the mathematics intractable in many cases with real systems.
5.7.3 Simulations
- Another approach is to run computer simulations of the different proposed algorithms ( and adjustment parameters ) under different load conditions, and to analyze the results to determine the "best" choice of operation for a particular load pattern.
- Operating conditions for simulations are often randomly generated using distribution functions similar to those described above.
- A better alternative when possible is to generate trace tapes , by monitoring and logging the performance of a real system under typical expected work loads. These are better because they provide a more accurate picture of system loads, and also because they allow multiple simulations to be run with the identical process load, and not just statistically equivalent loads. A compromise is to randomly determine system loads and then save the results into a file, so that all simulations can be run against identical randomly determined system loads.
- Although trace tapes provide more accurate input information, they can be difficult and expensive to collect and store, and their use increases the complexity of the simulations significantly. There is also some question as to whether the future performance of the new system will really match the past performance of the old system. ( If the system runs faster, users may take fewer coffee breaks, and submit more processes per hour than under the old system. Conversely if the turnaround time for jobs is longer, intelligent users may think more carefully about the jobs they submit rather than randomly submitting jobs and hoping that one of them works out. )
5.7.4 Implementation
- The only real way to determine how a proposed scheduling algorithm is going to operate is to implement it on a real system.
- For experimental algorithms and those under development, this can cause difficulties and resistance among users who don't care about developing OSes and are only trying to get their daily work done.
- Even in this case, the measured results may not be definitive, for at least two major reasons: (1) System work loads are not static, but change over time as new programs are installed, new users are added to the system, new hardware becomes available, new work projects get started, and even societal changes. ( For example the explosion of the Internet has drastically changed the amount of network traffic that a system sees and the importance of handling it with rapid response times. ) (2) As mentioned above, changing the scheduling system may have an impact on the work load and the ways in which users use the system. ( The book gives an example of a programmer who modified his code to write an arbitrary character to the screen at regular intervals, just so his job would be classified as interactive and placed into a higher priority queue. )
- Most modern systems provide some capability for the system administrator to adjust scheduling parameters, either on the fly or as the result of a reboot or a kernel rebuild.
5.8 Summary
Material omitted from the eighth edition:, was 5.4.4 symmetric multithreading ( omitted from 8th edition ).
- An alternative strategy to SMP is SMT, Symmetric Multi-Threading, in which multiple virtual ( logical ) CPUs are used instead of ( or in combination with ) multiple physical CPUs.
- SMT must be supported in hardware, as each logical CPU has its own registers and handles its own interrupts. ( Intel refers to SMT as hyperthreading technology. )
- To some extent the OS does not need to know if the processors it is managing are real or virtual. On the other hand, some scheduling decisions can be optimized if the scheduler knows the mapping of virtual processors to real CPUs. ( Consider the scheduling of two CPU-intensive processes on the architecture shown below. )
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