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Shortcuts, Hotkeys, Macros, Oh My: How to Remap Your Keyboard

If you're looking to change key functions on your computer's keyboard in Windows or macOS, these methods can help.

Whitson Gordon

The standard Windows keyboard layout hasn't changed much in the past few decades, but there's a chance you don't use every key on your keyboard. If you think the Caps Lock key would work better as something else, or wish you could open up Windows' Task Manager with one keystroke instead of three, there are a few ways to remap those commands.

Thanks to a variety of free software options, you can set individual keys to new functions or remap complex button combinations into simplified single-button presses. The option you choose comes down to your comfort level dealing with third-party software and how complex your solution needs to be.

Remap Keys and Shortcuts With PowerToys

Don't trust a third-party developer? The easiest way to remap your keyboard is through Microsoft PowerToys , a set of utilities (including keyboard customization) designed for power users. Install the program from its GitHub page (Opens in a new window) and open the Power Toys Settings page from the Windows System Tray.

Click Keyboard Manager , then select Remap a key to re-assign individual keys or Remap a shortcut to assign hotkey combinations to a single key. Click the + button, then set the key and map it to a specific action. So instead of hitting Ctrl + C to copy, you can assign that shortcut to the left Alt button on your keyboard.

Add as many remapped keys or shortcuts as you need, then click OK at the top of the page to save the changes. If you ever want to remove any, just click the trash can icon next to the listing and delete it.

Switch Individual Keys With SharpKeys

If you merely want to remap one key to another,  SharpKeys (Opens in a new window)  is a simple, open-source program that uses the Windows registry. This makes it the best option for these kinds of one-to-one key remappings. You don't need to rely on some other software as a middleman, and you'll run into the fewest compatibility issues, since Windows itself is interpreting the keystrokes.

Download the program from the Microsoft Store (Opens in a new window) and start it up. To remap a key, click the Add button and choose your keys from the two columns. The left column denotes the key you'll press (for example, the Caps Lock key) and the right column denotes the action that key will take (for example, acting as the Windows key).

You can also press the Type Key button and press a key on your keyboard if you have trouble hunting it down in the list. When you're done, click OK . Repeat this process for any other remappings, then click the  Write to Registry  button. As an example, I use SharpKeys to make my Alt key act as the Ctrl key, and my Caps Lock act as the Windows key.

Close the program, restart your computer, and you should find your keys have taken on their new roles. You can even delete SharpKeys when you're done; the program is merely a user-friendly interface for the Windows registry, so once the changes are made, you don't need it anymore.

Customize Hotkeys With Your Keyboard's Software

If your keyboard comes with advanced software, like  Logitech's Gaming Software (Opens in a new window) ,  Corsair's iCUE (Opens in a new window) , or  Razer's Synapse (Opens in a new window) , you may have some key-remapping features already present on your system.

Not only can you remap keys, but many of these programs let you create multi-key shortcuts, insert blocks of text, or create different profiles for each of your games. Some will even let you record macros, allowing you to create complex shortcuts just by recording your actions and assigning them to a hotkey.

Each of these programs are a bit different, so we can't go into all of them here, but the gist should be the same across manufacturers: Download the software, select your keyboard, and look for the option to create new hotkeys, macros, or actions. When in doubt, check the support page for your specific keyboard to find tutorials on how to get it done.

Your mileage may vary with these, as I've found certain programs to be jankier than others in the past. But if you already have it on your system, it may be able to do exactly what you want without installing any other software, so give it a shot.

Create Complex Scripts With AutoHotkey

If neither of the above options suit your needs, you can create powerful hotkeys with  AutoHotkey (Opens in a new window) , a free program that comes with its own little scripting language for you to describe the actions you want your hotkeys to take. It's a bit more difficult to use than the software you get with  gaming keyboards , but if your keyboard doesn't come with its own remapping program, it's your next best bet.

After installing AutoHotkey, create your hotkeys by right-clicking anywhere in File Explorer and choosing  New > AutoHotkey Script . Right-click on the resulting file and open it in Notepad. Create basic hotkeys by adding a line like this:

This remaps Caps Lock to the right Windows key. You can add a comment above it using a semicolon (;) to remind you of what that hotkey does or why.

SharpKeys is a better choice for a simple remapping like this, but let's say you wanted to do something slightly more complicated, like remap remap Ctrl + Shift + Esc to Caps Lock, so you can see the Task Manager with one keypress. You would create a line in your script like this:

Where ^ corresponds to Ctrl and + to Shift,  as described here (Opens in a new window) .

This is where AutoHotkey becomes more powerful. You can create hotkeys to  type certain lines of text (Opens in a new window) ,  run a program or batch file (Opens in a new window) , or  create shortcuts for specific programs (Opens in a new window) . You can even have one hotkey perform multiple actions in a series, giving you robust control over your shortcuts.

Once you've finished adding your hotkeys to the script, save the file and double-click on it. This will launch AutoHotkey in the system tray, and it will run in the background interpreting your hotkeys for you. Just quit the program at any time to set your keys back to their default actions.

(I recommend adding your .ahk script to Windows' startup folder, located at  %APPDATA%\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup , so it will automatically run every time you turn on your computer.)

There's more to AutoHotkey than we could ever fit into one small article, so check out the  AutoHotkey documentation (Opens in a new window)  and  forums (Opens in a new window)  for more advanced instructions and ideas. If you can imagine it, there's almost certainly a way to make AutoHotkey do it.

Reassign Simple Shortcuts on a Mac Keyboard

If you want to customize existing keyboard shortcuts on a Mac , open System Preferences > Keyboard > Shortcuts . You can then browse through existing shortcuts for taking a screenshot, showing the desktop, using accessibility options, and more. To make a change, double-click on the current keys for a specific action, then press the new configuration on your keyboard.

Your new action must use the Control, Option, or Command key. So for instance, if you want to change how you open the screenshot menu , select Screenshots and double-click the keyboard shortcut next to Screenshot and recording options . You can then change the Shift + Command + 5 shortcut to something simpler like Option + Z.

For one-button shortcuts, turn to the function key. Check the box next to Use F1, F2, etc. keys as standard function keys on the Keyboard settings page, then open the Shortcuts tab and set a function key to perform a certain action with a single button. Instead of using Function + F1, you can now just press F1 to take screenshots.

If your new shortcut is being used by a different action, macOS will warn you about an issue. You can also disable actions by unchecking the box next to it. Unfortunately, you won't be able to turn one key into another or create custom shortcuts like you can with some Windows programs. For more powerful options, you can turn to the free programs Karabiner-Elements (Opens in a new window) and FunctionFlip (Opens in a new window) .

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How to Change Fn Key Settings in Windows 10

It makes your life f'n easy

Author avatar

Remember hitting the F5 key to refresh on your Windows 95 computer? It was almost obsessive. Back in the day, the F1–F12 keys had just one function each, but modern keyboards often include extra functions that you access with an Fn key (also called the Function key ). 

custom function keys keyboard

How are Fn Keys Helpful?

The Fn key turns the F1–F12 keys into dual-purpose keys. Essentially, it works as a default hotkey, but there’s a slight difference. The combinations differ among manufacturers and models. You’ll mostly find them on laptops (where you can usually change things like screen brightness), but you’ll also find them on some specialty keyboards (like gaming or productivity-centric boards). 

For instance, on a Dell XPS15z, Fn + F5 increases the brightness, while on a Lenovo G560, the same combination will display the wireless device settings.

In addition to F-keys, you can also use Fn keys with other keys like PgUp, Insert, and arrow keys. Using a combination of Fn along with one of these keys comes in handy for doing a wide range of things, including adjusting the screen brightness , turning off the display, or controlling the volume, among many other things.

custom function keys keyboard

However, sometimes, you find that simply pressing an F-key (without the Fn key) triggers a command like increasing the playback volume. In such cases, you’ll be unable to use F-keys for standard keyboard shortcuts like hitting the F5 key for refreshing.

There’s a simple fix for this. You can tinker with the Fn key settings in several ways, and that’s what we’ll walk you through in this guide.

Disable the Fn Lock

Modern desktop and laptop keyboards have an Fn Lock key (i.e., a key with a lock icon). In most cases, you’ll find a lock icon printed on your Esc key, but it’s also possible that your keyboard has the lock on the Shift key or the Num Lock key.

When you press Fn + Esc (or the key with the lock icon), it toggles the Fn lock. 

custom function keys keyboard

Once you’ve done this, you won’t need to press the Fn key for performing functions like adjusting the screen brightness or enabling and disabling WiFi or Bluetooth. Simply press the relevant F-key, and that should work. It’s similar to how you use Caps Lock. You won’t need to hold the Shift key for typing caps when Caps Lock is enabled.

If you’re experiencing something similar but want to use your standard F-keys, you’ll need to disable the Fn lock. You can disable it the same way as you’d enable it. Press the key with the lock icon along with the Fn key.

Change Fn Key Settings from Within Windows

You can also change Fn key settings from within your operating system. If you own a Dell laptop that runs Microsoft Windows 10 or 8, you can change function key settings from Windows Mobility Center.

Press Win + X or right-click the Start Menu button on Windows 10 to open the power menu and select Mobility Center . Alternatively, you can go to the Control Panel and navigate to Hardware and Sound > Windows Mobility Center .

Select the drop-down menu under the Function Key Row option under the Customized by Dell Inc. section. You’ll see two options here: Function key and Multimedia key . 

custom function keys keyboard

Select Function key if you’d like to use the F-keys for standard functions, and Multimedia key if you want to use F-keys for performing functions that would otherwise require you to press the Fn key.

Similarly, on laptops from other manufacturers, you might find the option to change function key options in its system configuration tool. For instance, on Lenovo, you can use the Lenovo Keyboard Manager or the Samsung Settings app on a Samsung laptop to change function key behavior.

Change Fn Key Settings in BIOS

In most cases, the previous two methods should help you change Fn key settings, but on the off chance that they didn’t, you can use the BIOS settings. 

Note that you shouldn’t mess around with any settings you don’t fully understand because it can render your computer unbootable. 

Many, though not all, laptops will allow you to change Fn key settings from the BIOS or UEFI firmware. You can enter your BIOS setup with a reboot. Press F2, F10, or Delete (the keys differ among manufacturers) at the startup when your computer is still booting. Alternatively, you can use the new way of accessing the BIOS on Windows 10 . 

At this point, you’ll need to look around a little because UEFI settings are placed under different sections based on the BIOS interface, which differs among manufacturers.

For instance, on my HP laptop, the setting is under the System Configuration tab. Changing the Action Keys Mode to Enabled will make the F-keys function like normal, i.e., you’ll need to use the Fn key along with an F-key to perform a relevant function.

custom function keys keyboard

Fn Key Makes Life Easy

If an OS upgrade or an accidental change in settings has caused your Fn key to not work as it should, it can cause you momentary annoyance. 

However, the Fn key is still one of the most helpful keys on your keyboard. It eliminates a few clicks for plenty of functions and lets you perform them just by pressing a combination of keys.

Fn key is also available on several Apple keyboards. If it’s not working correctly, you can troubleshoot Fn key problems on Mac OS as well.

custom function keys keyboard

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How to Change What the Fn Keys Do in Windows 10 and 11

The function keys are handy, but you can truly make them your own with some customization.

The function keys at the top of your keyboard serve as a shortcut to control certain hardware features. For instance, if you want to turn on the backlit keyboard, they allow you to do so by pressing a key, saving you from having to do the same through Windows.

By default, these keys can only be used when you press the dedicated Fn key with them. Nevertheless, you can customize this setting, along with many others, to suit your needs. Here are the different ways you can modify the settings of Windows 10 and 11 function keys.

What Are the Function Keys, and Why Do You Need Them?

Function keys, or just "Fn" for short, are used to trigger functions of the F keys (F1, F2, F3, etc.) on the top of the keyboard. In essence, it acts as a shortcut key for basic yet essential functions like changing the volume, brightness, and backlight.

In most laptops, there are 12 function keys (they used to be a lot more in the older devices), and you can use them by pressing them along with the "Fn" key on your keyboard. So for instance, if you wish to enable the backlit keyboard using the F3 key, you can hold the Fn key and then press F3 to make the desired changes.

We have a detailed guide to function keys where we discuss what all 12 keys do. You can check it out for more insight on the topic.

1. How to Change the Function Key Settings Using the Mobility Settings on Dell Computers

The easiest way to change function keys is by modifying settings within the Windows Mobility Center. This method, however, will only work for those of you using a Dell device.

Here is how to proceed:

If you own other devices, then you might want to look for similar options in the System or keyboard settings. You can also search the manufacturer’s official website for information regarding such customizations.

2. How to Modify the Function Keys Settings in the BIOS

You can also make the changes directly in BIOS, which helps the operating system and the hardware load properly.

The steps of accessing BIOS in different devices can vary. Below, we have discussed the steps of accessing BIOS and making the desired changes in HP. If you own a different device, then it is best to head over to the manufacturer’s website and look for the steps of accessing BIOS there.

The steps of performing this action in other devices are somewhat similar, if not entirely. For instance, on Acer devices, you need to press the F2 key and the power button together. Then, navigate to System Configuration > Action Keys Mode and use the Enter key to make the changes.

3. How to Change the Function Key Settings Using the UEFI Settings

If you cannot boot into BIOS for some reason, try changing the Fn keys using UEFI settings. UEFI is basically BIOS on steroids, as it offers a bunch of additional functions and is more powerful.

How to Enable the Fn Lock

If you do not want to press the Fn key every time you want to enable/disable any of the 12 functions, you can toggle on the Fn lock. With this feature, the Fn key will appear to always be held down on the keyboard, and you will be able to use any function key without having to first press the Fn key.

In most keyboards, the Fn lock is associated with the Esc key, but it can be different in your device. Typically, these keys have a lock icon on them. You can use the manufacturer’s website to find the lock on your device if you cannot locate a key with a lock icon.

Once you have found the key, hold the Fn key and press the lock key. This will enable the function. You can follow the same steps for disabling it in the future.

Is It a Good Idea To Change Fn Key Settings?

Changes to Fn keys are safe and do not have any negative consequences. The customization options for the keys within Windows are limited, but there are quite a few third-party resources that you can look into if you want to modify keys a step further.

On Windows, you can also disable specific keys on your keyboard so you can avoid accidentally pressing keys you don't use. As a general rule, if you follow the steps carefully, you should have no problems!

Use the Function Keys Like a Pro

Function keys are great for improving productivity and efficiency. With the right techniques in mind, you can make the most of them. We hope that following the steps above enabled you to modify the setting of your function keys. It is also important to note that all the methods outlined above don't make a permanent change to the system, so you can always revert the changes.

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Creating a custom function key in Windows

I would like to "create" a fn key ( similar to what laptops have ) on a desktop keyboard. What I would like to do is to bind Capslock to a new custom key, so that I can add new shortcuts involving that key. For example, remapping the jkil keys to left/down/top/right keys. So when Capslock + J is pressed, a left arrow keypress is simulated. I cannot bind the capslock key to an existing key like Win/Shift/Ctrl/Alt, because it will cause conflicts in my text editor because of the additional custom functionality I have within it.

wdGelwix's user avatar

2 Answers 2

You should check out AutoHotKey. It can (obviously) create hotkey remappings, but also do so much more! For your case, it can also remap the right shift, alt, ctrl separately from the left, if you wanted something like RCtrl::j to be mapped to left arrow, leaving the left control key alone...

https://autohotkey.com/docs/misc/Remap.htm

Ian McGowan's user avatar

I've achieved something very similar to what you're trying to do using Microsoft PowerToys . PowerToys has a Keyboard Manager utility that allows you to set up global shortcuts like this.

Unfortunately, PowerToys doesn't allow Caps Lock combinations, but I've set up the shortcuts you describe (IJKL as arrow keys) in combination with the Alt key. I realise this doesn't perfectly solve your problem, but I thought it would be worth mentioning for anyone who is happy with, eg. Alt + j as ←

Nick F's user avatar

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How to Change Fn Key Settings in Windows 10

Learn to toggle fn keys on and off via settings.

Vladimir Popescu

solve laptop keyboard not working on Windows 10

Today’s laptops are designed in a way to help you perform any function you may need and this is also reflected in the multitude of keys that you will find in the functions row keyboard.

Function keys, also known as Fn keys, have the purpose of helping you make various actions that are related to volume, Wi-Fi, playback, and even hardware features.

Of course, you can also use them like classic standard F keys, if you are playing games for example.

In this article we will explore a few easy ways in which you can assign function keys in Windows 10, so make sure to keep on reading.

How can I change the function key settings in Windows 10?

1. from bios.

1. Click the Start icon and select   Settings .

2. Next, click on   Update & Security .

3. Click on Recovery and then select Restart now .

4. From the Options menu, select   Troubleshoot .

5. Click   UEFI Firmware Settings   and choose Restart .

6. In the BIOS menu, select the   Configuration   tab.

7. Select   Hotkey Mode   and set it to Enabled or Disabled , depending on your preference.

8. Save   and   Exit   the BIOS menu (press F10 and then Enter ).

Depending on your device, the process of changing function key settings in Windows 10 can be slightly different, but the steps are mostly the same.

Basically, you need to restart your PC, access BIOS, and then navigate to the Configuration menu . From there, you can easily change Fn key settings in just a few clicks.

Expert tip:

Some PC issues are hard to tackle, especially when it comes to corrupted repositories or missing Windows files. If you are having troubles fixing an error, your system may be partially broken. We recommend installing Restoro, a tool that will scan your machine and identify what the fault is. Click here  to download and start repairing.

If your Fn keys are not working on Windows 10 , check out our dedicated guide to find out what to do.

2. Press the Keyboard shortcut

Another method that you have at hand, in case you want to use the Function Keys without pressing the Fn Key, is to use the keyboard shortcut.

This is a fairly easy method to use, as you don’t have to go into the BIOS settings in order to make the change.

First, make sure you locate the Fn lock key on your keyboard, and once you find it all you need to do is simultaneously press the Fn key along with the standard F1 , and F2 keys that you wish to use.

And that was all, now you can use the function keys, without pressing the Fn key. Whenever you want to switch back, you will only need to make the same steps you did previously, and that will disable the function.

3. Change UEFI settings 

Once you completed the above steps, you will be able to search for the function key option and make sure to disable it in the UEFI settings.

4. Use Control Panel

control panel example

You will find the option to change the function keys as standard, in the Boot Camp configuration panel.

For example, if you are using Dell this option will be found in the Windows Mobility Center. Other manufacturers may have the option in the same place, so make sure to check that out.

In order to access it on Windows 10, make sure to right-click on the Start button and simply select the Mobility Center option.

It’s also possible to have this option in the keyboard setting configuration tool which can be found in the System menu or right in the Start menu.

If you are using ASUS you will see that it comes with preinstalled ASUS Keyboard Hotkeys that can be found in the Windows app.

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No doubt about it can be really frustrating not being able to use the brightness or volume keys. Fortunately enough the fix for this issue is fairly simple and you can reverse the Fn functions within just a few clicks.

As you can see in the above-presented solutions, you can either make these changes from the keyboard, if you can locate the Fn key on your device.

Otherwise, you can go into the BIOS settings, and depending on which device model you are using, there are some specific steps you can make in order to make the change.

Let us know in the comments section below which one worked for you and, if you have additional recommendations or suggestions we will be happy to read them.

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How to Add New Custom Hotkeys to Windows 10

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One of the most powerful features in Windows 10 is the ability to set up your own custom hotkeys. The OS is certainly known for customizations, making the user experience more personalized, like the ability to add new shortcuts in the context menu .

Using various hotkeys lets you start programs, load websites, and do many other tasks with a keystroke. There are several built-in keyboard shortcut options in Windows 10, and there are also powerful third-party tools that will give you access to more options.

In this article, you’ll find helpful information on using both approaches to create customized Windows 10 hotkeys.

Adding Hotkeys to Program and Website Desktop Shortcuts

First, let’s try one of the most basic approaches to adding hotkeys. You can add a hotkey to any software or website shortcut on the desktop.

Set up Shutdown, Restart, and Logoff Keyboard Shortcuts

You can also create shutdown, logoff, and reboot hotkeys in Windows 10 without using third-party packages.

Now, pressing that key and Ctrl + Alt will shut down, restart, or log you out of Windows 10, depending on what you entered in the first text box of the Create Shortcut wizard.

Adding Custom Hotkeys With Third-Party Software

You can do a lot more with extra third-party software. There are a few programs available for Windows 10, and some of those are free programs. WinHotKey is one of the packages you can use to set up customized Windows 10 keyboard shortcuts. Add it to Windows 10 from the WinHotKey Softpedia page. Click the DOWNLOAD NOW button there to save the setup wizard, and then open that to add WinHotKey to windows.

The WinHotKey window in the shot above includes a list of default Windows 10 hotkeys. Note that you can’t edit those with this package. What you can do is set up new keyboard shortcuts that open software or documents or adjust the active window.

The new keyboard shortcut should then be listed on the WinHotKey window, along with the others. Press the hotkey to try it out. It will open the software, document, or folder you selected.

You can also set up some window hotkeys with this package.

Another useful software package to set up customized hotkeys with is NirCmd, which is available for most Windows platforms. You can add the utility to Windows 10 from this NirSoft page . Scroll down to the bottom of the page and click Download NirCmd or Download NirCmd 64-bit to save the file (depending on whether or not you are running the 64-bit version of Windows).

Since NirCmd saves as a compressed zip, you’ll also need to select its compressed file in File Explorer and press the Extract all button. Choose a path to extract the folder.

Once NirCmd is extracted, you can set up Desktop shortcuts with the Command-Line Utility and turn them into hotkeys.

You can set up a variety of NirCmd hotkeys in much the same way. For example, if you add “ setsysvolume 65535 ” to the end of the NirCmd path instead of “ mutesysvolume 2 “, the hotkey will maximize the volume when pressed. Alternatively, adding “ emptybin ” to the end of the path would set up a shortcut that empties the Recycle Bin.

As you can see, Windows 10 features both in-house hotkey customizations, as well as third-party hotkey integration. The NirCmd and WinHotKey programs offer more keyboard shortcut options than Windows 10 does by default. With these hotkeys, you can open software, shut down the pc, restart Windows 10, adjust volume settings, and much more.

7 thoughts on “How to Add New Custom Hotkeys to Windows 10”

Example: Adobe Lightroom has the shows file folder trees much like File Explorer. There is a menu item and a clickable icon that toggles between showing the aggregate number of files in a selected folder plus all of its sub-folders or showing only the number of files in the selected folder. I use this feature frequently enough that it would be nice to have a keyboard shortcut.

Macs can do this easily. One creates a keyboard shortcut and designate the program it will effect.

How about Windows?

Thanks, Jim

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Customize keyboard shortcuts

You can customize keyboard shortcuts (or shortcut keys) by assigning them to a command, macro, font, style, or frequently used symbol. You can also remove keyboard shortcuts. You can assign or remove keyboard shortcuts by using a mouse or just the keyboard.

Use a mouse to assign or remove a keyboard shortcut

Go to File > Options > Customize Ribbon .

At the bottom of the Customize the Ribbon and keyboard shortcuts pane, select Customize .

The Customize button in the Customize the Ribbon and keyboard shortcuts pane

In the Save changes in box, select the current document name or template that you want to save the keyboard shortcut changes in.

In the Categories box, select the category that contains the command or other item that you want to assign a keyboard shortcut to or remove a keyboard shortcut from.

In the Commands box, select the name of the command or other item that you want to assign a keyboard shortcut to or remove a keyboard shortcut from.

Any keyboard shortcuts that are currently assigned to that command or other item appear in the Current keys box, or below the box with the label Currently assigned to .

To assign a keyboard shortcut do the following:

Begin keyboard shortcuts with CTRL or a function key.

In the Press new shortcut key box, press the combination of keys that you want to assign. For example, press CTRL plus the key that you want to use.

Look at Current keys (or Currently assigned to ) to see whether the combination of keys is already assigned to a command or other item. If the combination is already assigned, type a different combination.

Creating a new keyboard shortcut in the Customize Keyboard dialog box

Important:  Reassigning a combination of keys means that you can no longer use the combination for its original purpose. For example, pressing CTRL+B changes selected text to bold. If you reassign CTRL+B to a new command or other item, you will not be able to make text bold by pressing CTRL+B unless you restore the keyboard shortcut assignments to their original settings by selecting Reset All at the bottom of the Customize Keyboard dialog box.

Select Assign .

Note:  If you use a programmable keyboard, the key combination CTRL+ALT+F8 might already be reserved for initiating keyboard programming.

Remove a keyboard shortcut

In the Current keys box, select the keyboard shortcut that you want to remove.

Select Remove .

Use just the keyboard to assign or remove a keyboard shortcut

Press ALT+F, T to open the Word Options dialog box.

Press DOWN ARROW to select Customize Ribbon .

Press the TAB key repeatedly until Customize is selected at the bottom of the dialog box, and then press ENTER.

In the Categories box, press DOWN ARROW or UP ARROW to select the category that contains the command or other item that you want to assign a keyboard shortcut to or remove a keyboard shortcut from.

Press the TAB key to move to the Commands box.

Press DOWN ARROW or UP ARROW to select the name of the command or other item that you want to assign a keyboard shortcut to or remove a keyboard shortcut from.

Any keyboard shortcuts that are currently assigned to that command or item appear in the Current keys box, or below the box with the label Currently assigned to .

Press the TAB key repeatedly until the cursor is in the Press new shortcut key box.

Press the combination of keys that you want to assign. For example, press CTRL plus the key that you want to use.

Press the TAB key repeatedly until the Save changes in box is selected.

Press DOWN ARROW or UP ARROW to highlight the current document name or template in which you want to save the keyboard shortcut changes, and then press ENTER.

Press the TAB key repeatedly until Assign is selected, and then press ENTER.

To remove a keyboard shortcut

Press the SHIFT+TAB key repeatedly until the cursor is in the Current keys box.

Press DOWN ARROW or UP ARROW to select the keyboard shortcut that you want to remove.

Press the TAB key repeatedly until Remove is selected, and then press ENTER.

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What Is the “Fn” or “Function” Key on a Keyboard?

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John is a freelance writer and photographer based in Houston, Texas. His ten-year background spans topics from tech to culture and includes work for the Seattle Times, the Houston Press, Medium's OneZero, WebMD, and MailChimp. Before moving to The Bayou City, John earned a B.A. in Journalism from CSU Long Beach. Read more...

The Fn key on a laptop keyboard

Confused by that “Fn” key on your keyboard? “Fn” is actually short for “function,” and lets you access a range of alternative functions for the other keys on your keyboard. Today, we’ll find out how to use it.

What Is the Fn Key?

The Fn key was originally created due to a lack of space on earlier keyboards. Instead of adding more keys, they were given multiple functions.

As an example of one of its uses, the Fn key on some laptops lets you adjust the screen’s brightness when you press it in conjunction with another key. Think of it as a button similar to the shift key. Depending on your device, Fn can also let you:

The key is used differently depending on the operating system, but Mac, Windows, and even Chromebooks all have some version of the Fn key.

RELATED: 47 Keyboard Shortcuts That Work in All Web Browsers

Where Is the Fn Key on My Keyboard?

That depends. On Apple and PC laptops, the Fn key is usually in the lower-left corner of the keyboard next to the Ctrl key.

Chromebooks, on the other hand, might not even have one . Some do, though, and it’s located near the space bar.

On Macbook laptops, you’ll almost always find the Fn key on the bottom row of the keyboard. Full-size Apple keyboards can have it next to the “delete” key. On wireless Apple Magic Keyboards, the key is located in the bottom-left corner.

If your computer doesn’t have an Fn key, then your keyboard probably doesn’t have any of these alternative functions. You might want to upgrade to a keyboard that lets you use them.

RELATED: The 10 Best Wireless Keyboards

How Does the Fn Key Work?

How the Fn key is used will vary based on which operating system you’re using. It’s used similarly to other modifier keys like “shift,” often in conjunction with the F1-F12 (function) keys at the top of your keyboard.

The functions are usually designated by the same symbols, even across operating systems. A sun symbol, for example, is usually used to denote screen brightness. A half-moon usually indicates putting the computer to sleep. And so on.

Function keys at the top of a Mac keyboard

Note: The Fn key won’t always work the same way with peripherals as it does with the main computer. For example, Fn and the brightness key might not adjust brightness on an external monitor.

On a Windows PC, the special functions of F1-F12 are accessed by holding down the Fn key and then pressing one of the function keys. That can include muting sound or adjusting screen brightness.

So, to use the Fn key on a PC:

Some keyboards will have an Fn key that illuminates when enabled. If you have a keyboard like this, check to see whether the light is on (whether the key has been enabled) before pressing the secondary function key.

On a Mac computer, the F1-F12 keys will perform these special functions by default. F11 and F12, for example, will turn the computer’s volume up or down without you having to press the Fn key first. Pressing the Fn key and then one of the F1-F12 keys will result in a secondary action specific to whichever application you’re currently using.

Some Fn keys will be color-coded to match certain functions. On these keyboards, you’ll see “fn” in two different colors on the Fn key. These keyboards will have two sets of secondary functions, also color-coded. If your Fn key had “fn” printed in red and blue, for example, pressing Fn and a red key would be a different function than Fn and a blue key.

How to Use Your Mac Keyboard’s Top Row as Regular Function Keys

Most computers let you customize the function keys to some degree. On a Macbook, you can choose whether the F1-F12 keys use their special keys by default or not. Some keyboards give you the option to disable the Fn key by using “ fn lock. “

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Create Your Own Keyboard Shortcuts to Do Anything on Windows and macOS

If the built-in keyboard shortcuts aren't enough for you, you can make some of your own..

Keyboard shortcuts are your not-so-secret weapon for maximizing your productivity and blazing through tasks at top speed. From dropping GIFs into chats to searching Wikipedia in an instant and everything in between, keyboard shortcuts can come in really handy. You don’t just have to settle for the standard list of shortcuts you get with Windows or macOS, though—you can easily create your own too. Here’s how.

Custom Windows Shortcuts

Windows 10 enables you to make your own custom keyboard shortcuts, but only up to a point—to launch specific shortcuts to files, folders and apps. The easiest way to create a shortcut is to right-click inside a File Explorer window or on the desktop, then choose New and Shortcut . Follow the instructions to tell Windows what you want to create a shortcut to.

Once the shortcut to the program, file or folder is created, right-click on it and choose Properties . On the Shortcut tab, click in the Shortcut key box, enter your chosen keystroke combination, and click OK to confirm. Note that your custom combination has to start with Ctrl+Alt , after which you can add a letter, number, or function key. That customization is helpful, but it doesn’t really let you go to town on your own custom shortcuts. To do that, you need the help of a third-party program.

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WinHotKey is an older freeware program but still works in Windows 10. It runs from the notification area (system tray). Right-click its icon, click Configure , then choose New Hotkey from the dialog box that appears to create your shortcut. As the Windows OS has bagged most of the Win+whatever shortcuts for itself, you’ll probably need to add in a Ctrl or a Shift to make yours unique. You can launch applications, open files, open folders, or perform a number of actions on the current window (like minimizing it).

AutoHotkey is also worth a look—and is also free. This is more complex and is built around scripts. You need to create these scripts as small text files which can then be assigned shortcut keys of your choice. The benefit of this extra complexity is you can do just about anything with the program, from launching apps to inputting lines of text. For more detailed instructions for creating scripts, and some example ones you can modify, see the online documentation .

Comfort Keys Pro is another option, though you will have to pay $40 for it once the free trial has ended. You do get a lot for your money, though: an intuitive, clean interface for building up your custom keyboard shortcuts, which can link to apps, or files, or snippets of text, or anything you like. If you don’t want to start entirely from scratch, you can use the text macro templates provided, and there’s even a clipboard history manager you can use, too.

Finally, you can create your own custom keyboard shortcuts in a few applications, including Microsoft Word . Open Options from the main program menu, then choose Customize Ribbon and click Customize... next to the Keyboard shortcuts heading. You can do the same trick in Photoshop, too, via Edit and Keyboard Shortcuts —just select a tool or menu option to assign a shortcut to it.

Custom macOS Shortcuts

On the Mac, Apple offers a native option for attaching keyboard shortcuts to menus and actions. Open the Apple menu, then pick System Preferences , Keyboard , and Shortcuts . You can disable or enable any shortcut using the tick boxes to the left, or set a different keystroke combination by clicking on the shortcut you want to change and then hitting the replacement combination on your keyboard.

To set up a new shortcut for an app menu item, click App Shortcuts then the + (plus) button. You need to type out the exact menu label you want the shortcut to apply to (like “Delete” for example), and specify whether the shortcut should work in every app or one desktop program in particular, as well as enter the keyboard combination itself. Once you’ve clicked Add you’re up and running with your new macOS keyboard shortcut.

Under Services you can find options like capturing the screen and setting the desktop wallpaper, and all these options can have their own shortcuts too. If you want to add a new service to this list—importing tracks into the Music application maybe, creating new calendars, or many other actions—you can do this through the built-in Automator utility and then assign a keyboard shortcut afterwards.

You can do more with the help of a third-party program, like Alfred . Using customizable “hotkeys,” you can launch an application, take more control over Alfred itself, or launch a specific script or AppleScript to carry out an action. The option to create hotkeys needs the Powerpack purchase, which is £29 (about $40 at the time of writing).

From the Alfred Preferences pane, click Workflow , then click the + (plus) button in the bottom left—if you choose the Templates option you can see how hotkeys can be assigned to files, apps, web searches, system commands and more besides. You just choose your hotkey, your action, and your parameters (if necessary). Once you’re more confident, you can create these workflows from scratch following the full instructions here .

Then there’s Keyboard Maestro, which will set you back $36 (after a free trial) but which also offers you a lot of flexibility in terms of keyboard shortcut customization. You can assign a keyboard shortcut to just about anything by creating a macro (a series of commands) then assigning a hotkey to it. Open up Help and Tutorial for a more thorough guide, but to get up and running as quickly as possible, click the + (plus button) down at the bottom of the interface to create a new macro. You have to set a hotkey as the macro trigger, and you can then assign your action accordingly.

As on Windows, some individual programs have their own individual options for managing keyboard shortcuts as well, which means you can really tailor certain applications for speedy access and operation. In Word or Excel , for example, click Tools and Customize Keyboard to make changes. In Adobe Photoshop, meanwhile, you can set up your own shortcuts by selecting Edit and then Keyboard Shortcuts .

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Welcome to Logitech Support

Configure function keys on an all-in-one keyboard with Logitech Options software

There are no downloads for this product, there are no faqs for this product, there are no documents available for this product, there are no spare parts available for this product, there are no gallery images available for this product.

You can configure the function keys on an all-in-one keyboard using Logitech Options software.

NOTE: If you don't already have Logitech Options installed, you can download it. See Answer  360023421613 for instructions.

Using Logitech Options, you can:

Configure function keys

Set f1-f12 as standard function keys, restore default settings.

With your all-in-one keyboard connected, launch the Logitech Options software.

Click the Keyboard tab at the top of the Logitech Options window.

Hover the mouse pointer over a highlighted key to display its current function assignment.

NOTE: In the example below, the F2 key is assigned to Minimize Window.

Image 1

To assign a new key function, click any highlighted key to open the drop-down menu.

Select More to expand the list of all available key functions. Scroll up or down the list as needed.

Image 2

To collapse the list, select Less .

Image 3

Click the desired function to select it. It will take effect immediately.

To continue configuring other highlighted keys, click any empty space in the center of the Logitech Options window.

In the lower left of the Logitech Options window, click Use F1 – F12 as standard function keys to enable this option.

NOTE: When standard function keys are enabled, the F-keys perform standard function commands, and not enhanced function commands (ex. media playback, maximize/minimize window, etc.)

Image 4

NOTE: The standard function key option is disabled by default.

Click Restore Defaults in the lower left to reset all device customizations to their default settings.

Image 5

NOTE: The Restore Defaults button is visible in all tabs within Logitech Options.

Click Continue to confirm.

Image 6

Check our Logitech Warranty here

Make the Most of your warranty

Frequently asked questions.

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How to Use Keyboard Function Keys

programmer's hand typing with laptop. focus on his finger

The Function Keys F1 through F12 that line the top of your keyboard gives you quick access to specific functions in Windows. These keys are also useful when trying to navigate through an application or when troubleshooting your PC.

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F1 reveals the help menu of the application you are currently running. If no program is open, then F1 will expose the help menu of Windows.

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F2 allows you to rename a file that is highlighted at the moment.

F3 will open the Windows Find files feature.

F4 activates the address bar in Internet Explorer.

F5 will refresh the website being viewed in your Web browser.

F6 moves the cursor around within a program.

F8 allows you to enter Safe Mode if pressed before Windows boots.

F10 activates the Menu bar in most programs.

F11 changes the Internet Explorer to fill the screen when open.

F7, F9 and F12 have no function in Windows unless designed specifically for a certain application.

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Custom function in pandas does not print out values as expected

I have the following code:

This function is meant to kind of "generalize" different types of replacement (just to save a little bit of time)

And this is an example of using it.

The output is following:

Where the hell did "dtype" come from? What are those random numbers? Why does this work properly with "type 0" but not with "type 2"?

Laurent's user avatar

As I understand your code, you are printing out Series (which is what, for instance, the mode method always returns), which Pandas represents with the name of the original column and the data type of the value(s).

For instance:

One way to print only the values of the Series is to use the string representation provided by the to_string method:

So, modifying your code with print(f'Replacement: {replacement.to_string()}, Key: {key}, Type of filling: {type_}') should do the trick.

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Micronutrient Market Overview and Report Coverage

The market for Micronutrient has been growing significantly in recent years, driven by advancements in technology and increased demand from various industries. The market is characterized by a large number of players, both established and new entrants, offering a wide range of products and services. The market is also characterized by intense competition, with players constantly innovating to improve their offerings and gain a competitive edge.

The report provides an in-depth analysis of the market for Micronutrient, including market size and forecast, market dynamics, competition landscape, and key success factors. The report also provides a comprehensive overview of the key players operating in the market, including their business overview, financial performance, product offerings, and recent developments.

In conclusion, the market for Micronutrient is expected to continue its growth trajectory in the coming years, driven by increasing demand from various industries and the continued advancements in technology. The report provides valuable insights for market participants and stakeholders, helping them make informed business decisions and plan for future growth.

This entire report is of 127 pages.

The global Micronutrient market size is projected to reach multi million by 2030, in comparision to 2021, at unexpected CAGR during 2023-2030 (Ask for Sample Report).

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What is Micronutrient?

Micronutrients play a crucial role in maintaining the health of plants and animals. As a consultant or industry expert, it is essential to understand the importance of these nutrients and their impact on the agriculture and animal feed industries. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for micronutrients due to the rise in population, increased awareness about the benefits of these nutrients, and the need to enhance crop yield and animal health. The micronutrient market has witnessed remarkable growth due to the adoption of advanced technologies in farming, rising investments by key players, and the development of innovative products. As an industry professional, it is essential to stay updated on the latest trends and advancements in the micronutrient market to guide clients towards sustainable growth and development.

Market Segmentation Analysis

Micronutrient market types refer to the different ways in which micronutrients are supplied to plants. The soil fertilizer market involves micronutrient fertilizers being applied to the soil, where they are absorbed by the roots of plants. The foliar fertilizer market involves the micronutrients being applied directly to the leaves of plants. The seed treatment market involves coating seeds with micronutrients before planting. Hydroponic systems involve adding micronutrients to the water, which is then absorbed by the roots of plants. Other markets include micronutrients being added to animal feed or being used in industrial applications.

The micronutrient market application refers to the different types of crops that benefit from the addition of micronutrients. Cereals, such as wheat and rice, require micronutrients like zinc, copper, and iron for healthy growth. Fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes and oranges, need micronutrients like boron and magnesium for optimal yield and flavor. Flowers, like roses and orchids, benefit from the addition of micronutrients like manganese and molybdenum for better color and longevity. Other crops, such as coffee and tea, also require specific micronutrients for optimal growth and health.

Micronutrient Market Regional Synopsis

Micronutrient is used in various forms such as fertilizers, animal feed, food fortification, and dietary supplements. In North America and Europe, it is mostly used for plant nutrition and fortified foods. In Asia-Pacific and China, the use of micronutrients is increasing in agriculture and animal husbandry. The USA uses micronutrients mainly for crop production and human dietary supplements.

The growing countries for micronutrient use are Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Vietnam. These countries have a high demand for agricultural production and animal protein, leading to an increased use of micronutrients. Additionally, their populations require more dietary supplementation due to the prevalence of malnutrition.

The list of the regions covered are: North America: United States, Canada, Europe: GermanyFrance, U.K., Italy, Russia,Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South, India, Australia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Latin America:Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Middle East & Africa:Turkey, Saudi, Arabia, UAE, Korea.

Top Featured Companies Dominating the Global Micronutrient Market

Micronutrient companies such as BASF, Yara International, and Nutrien are market leaders in the industry, offering a range of products to enhance plant growth and improve crop yields. New entrants such as Sun Agrigenetics and Hui Yi Chemical are also making their mark in the market with innovative solutions. These companies can help to grow the micronutrient market by investing in research and development, expanding their product offerings, and providing education and resources to farmers and growers on the benefits of using micronutrients.

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Micronutrient Market Competitive Analysis

Market competitive analysis is a critical aspect of business strategy and planning. It helps companies understand the competitive landscape of their industry and identify the strengths and weaknesses of their competitors. This information can be used to inform marketing strategies, product development, and overall business strategy. The process of market competitive analysis typically involves analyzing competitors' products, services, prices, marketing strategies, target markets, and more. Companies can use a variety of tools and techniques, such as market surveys, customer feedback, and financial analysis, to gather information about their competitors. One key aspect of market competitive analysis is identifying the key players in the market and their market share. This information can help companies determine their own market position and develop strategies for growing their market share. Companies can also use market competitive analysis to identify gaps in the market and develop new products or services to meet customer needs.

In conclusion, market competitive analysis is a valuable tool for companies looking to improve their competitiveness and achieve long-term success. By regularly analyzing the market and their competitors, companies can make informed business decisions and develop strategies that drive growth and success.

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The Micronutrient market research report contains the following TOC:

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Chapters in the Micronutrient Market

The Micronutrient market is segmented into various chapters that cater to different segments of the market. These chapters have specific characteristics, demand patterns, and growth drivers, making each chapter unique.

The Impact of Covid-19 and Russia-Ukraine War on Micronutrient Market

The Russia-Ukraine War and Post Covid-19 Pandemic are likely to have significant consequences on the micronutrient market globally. With the disruption of supply chains and increased economic uncertainty, many industries are experiencing either a growth slowdown or temporary drop. One of the sectors that are being hit hard is the micronutrient market.

The growth expectation for the micronutrient market amidst the current political and economic climate remains uncertain. Companies that heavily rely on the import and export of raw materials may face challenges, whereas domestic producers may thrive. Moreover, the changing consumer preference and food demand may result in industry innovation and development of new products to cater to changing demographics.

It is difficult to determine who the major benefactor of micronutrient market growth will be. However, companies that have strong supply chain management systems and adaptability to market fluctuations are more likely to succeed. Ultimately, the recovery of micronutrient market will depend on a combination of internal and external factors, including government policies, geopolitical tensions, market trends, and the ongoing impact of Covid-19.

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Market Segmentation(2023-2030):

The worldwide Micronutrient market is categorized by Product Type and Product Application.

In terms of Product Type, the Micronutrient market is segmented into:

In terms of Product Application, the Micronutrient market is segmented into:

The available Micronutrient Market Players are listed by region as follows:

Micronutrient Market: Industry Perspective

The Micronutrient market has been growing rapidly in recent years, driven by increasing demand for innovative products and services. From an industry perspective, the Micronutrient market is highly competitive and fragmented, with a large number of players operating at both the local and global level.

In terms of product offerings, the Micronutrient market is characterized by a wide range of products, ranging from basic models to highly advanced and specialized products. Companies are investing heavily in research and development to stay ahead of the competition and to offer the most innovative products to their customers.

One of the key trends in the Micronutrient market is the increasing focus on sustainable and eco-friendly products. Companies are looking to reduce their carbon footprint and to offer products that are more environmentally friendly. This is leading to the development of new materials and technologies that are more sustainable and energy-efficient.

Another trend in the Micronutrient market is the increasing demand for customization and personalization. Customers are looking for products that are tailored to their individual needs and preferences, and companies are responding by offering products that can be customized to meet these needs.

Overall, the Micronutrient market is a dynamic and rapidly evolving industry, with a strong focus on innovation, sustainability, and customer needs. Companies operating in the market must stay ahead of the curve by continually innovating and adapting to the changing market conditions in order to remain competitive and successful.

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Key Question Answered:

1. What are the current trends in the global micronutrient market?

2. Which segments of the micronutrient market are experiencing the highest growth?

3. How is the micronutrient market impacted by changes in regulations and policies?

4. What are the key challenges faced by players in the micronutrient market?

5. Who are the major players in the global micronutrient market and what is their market share?

6. What are the future prospects for the micronutrient market and where are the growth opportunities?

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  24. Micronutrient Market Size 2023

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