Writing a Research Paper
Writing a Research Paper. What is a research paper?. definition. A substantial piece of academic writing, usually done as a requirement for a class, in which the author does independent research into a topic and writes a description of the findings of that research.
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What is a research paper?
definition • A substantial piece of academic writing, usually done as a requirement for a class, in which the author does independent research into a topic and writes a description of the findings of that research. • A formal written report that includes research findings and a student's own ideas. • Research papers are all about organizing your ideas in a linear, understandable format. • A research paper is a report summarizing the answers to the research questions you generated from the sources you gathered information from. Then presenting the work in research paper format.
A narrative is • A narrative tells about a personal experience, a research paper give information about a topic, and an argument tried to persuade reader to feel a certain way about a topic. Narrative does not incorporate research, a research paper does and include and argument.
How do I write a research paper?
Step 1. Choose a Topic Choose a topic which interests and challenges you. Your attitude towards the topic may well determine the amount of effort and enthusiasm you put into your research. Focus on a limited aspect - narrow it down from Religion to World Religion to Buddhism. Obtain teacher approval for your topic before embarking on full-scale research. Select a subject you can manage. Avoid subjects that are too technical, learned, or specialized. Avoid topics that have only a very narrow range of source materials. A Research Guide for Research Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html
Step 2. Find Information Surf the net • Pay attention to domain name extensions (.edu, .gov, .org) as these tend to be more reliable. Be selective of .com sites. Learn how to evaluate sites critically and to search effectively on the Internet. Check out print materials at the library • Almanacs, atlases, encyclopedias, guides, reports, government publications Read and evaluate, bookmark, print out, photocopy and take notes of relevant information. As you gather your resources, jot down full bibliographical information (author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page numbers, URLs, creation or modification dates on Web pages and your date of access) on work sheet, printout, or enter the information on your computer. Remember that an article without bibliographical information is useless since you cannot cite its source. A Research Guide for Research Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html
Career Information Sources • Finding the Right Career http://www.helpguide.org/life/finding_career.htm • O’Net http://www.onetonline.org/ • Ohio Means Jobs https://ohiomeansjobs.com/omj/ • Occupational Outlook Handbook http://www.bls.gov/oco/ • Career Guide to Industries http://stats.bls.gov/oco/cg/ • Employment Projections http://www.bls.gov/emp/ • Best Careers http://money.usnews.com/money/careers
Step 3. State Your Thesis • Do some critical thinking and write your thesis statement down in one sentence. Your thesis statement is like a declaration of your belief. The main portion of your essay will consist of arguments to support and defend this belief. • With the skills and abilities I exhibit, the medical field is the career path I am interested in pursing. A Research Guide for Research Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html
Step 4. Make a Tentative Outline • The purpose of an outline is to help you think through your topic carefully and organize it logically before you start writing. Include an Introduction, a Body, and a Conclusion. Make the first outline tentative. • Introduction Share your thesis and purpose clearly. What is the chief reason for the paper? Explain briefly the major points and why readers should be interested in your topic. • Body Present your arguments to support your thesis statement. Remember the rule of 3 – find three supporting arguments for each position. • Conclusion Restate your thesis, summarize your arguments, and explain why you have come to this particular conclusion. A Research Guide for Research Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html
Example of an outline • INTRODUCTION – Brief comment leading into subject matter - Thesis statement on Shakespeare • BODY - Shakespeare's Early Life, Marriage, Works, Later Year • Early life in Stratford • Shakespeare's family • Shakespeare's father • Shakespeare's mother • Shakespeare's marriage • Life of Anne Hathaway • Reference in Shakespeare's Poems • Shakespeare's works • Plays • Tragedies • Hamlet • Romeo and Juliet • Comedies • The Tempest • Much Ado About Nothing • Histories • King John • Richard III • Henry VIII • Sonnets • Other poems • Shakespeare's Later Years • Last two plays • Retired to Stratford • Death • Burial • Epitaph on his tombstone • CONCLUSION • Analytical summary • Shakespeare's early life • Shakespeare's works • Shakespeare's later years • Thesis reworded • Concluding statement A Research Guide for Research Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html
Step 5. Organize Your Notes Organize, analyze, synthesize, sort and digest the information gathered to effectively communicate your thoughts, ideas, insights and research finding to others. This is the most important stage in writing a research paper. Include only relevant and understandable information. Make sure you have used your own words and has been carefully noted. Document all ideas borrowed or quotes used to avoid plagiarism. Jot down detailed bibliographical information and it ready for your Works Cited page. A Research Guide for Research Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html
What is plagiarism?
plagiarism simply means… A piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work; to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own; to use (another's production) without crediting the source; to commit literary theft; to present as new and original idea or product derived from an existing source. In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward. All of the following are considered plagiarism: • turning in someone else's work as your own • copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit • failing to put a quotation in quotation marks • giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation • changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit • copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed, and providing your audience with the information necessary to find that source, is usually enough to prevent plagiarism.
What is MLA style?
definition MLA stands for Modern Language Association, and it is the standard format for research and term papers. MLA format includes specific rules for quoting authors, called citations. It also allows for documenting source authors within the text of your research paper, called parenthetical citations. There is also a specific format for creating a Works Cited page, which is sometimes called a bibliography. Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental un-credited use of source material by other writers. If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition). MLA Formatting http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/
MLA General Guidelines • Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. • Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another. The font size should be 12 pt. • Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks. • Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides. • Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the Tab key. • Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. • Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis. • If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page. Entitle the section Notes (centered, unformatted). MLA Formatting http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/
First Page of Your Paper MLA Format • Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested. • In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text. • Double space again and center the title. Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters. • Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking" • Double space between the title and the first line of the text. • Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.) MLA Formatting http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/
In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style • MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). • Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information: Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print. MLA Formatting http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/
Basic Rules Works Cited Page • Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper. • Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page. • Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries. • Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations five spaces so that you create a hanging indent. • List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50. MLA Formatting http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/
Step 6. Write Your First Draft Summarize, paraphrase or quote directly for each idea you plan to use. Find a technique that suits you. • Use note cards or sheets of lined paper. Mark each card with your outline code (IB2a). Then put all cards in order. • If using a word processor, create filenames that match your outline codes to easily cut and past as you type your paper. A Research Guide for Research Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html
Step 7. Revise Your Outline & Draft Read your paper for content errors, check facts, arrange and rearrange ideas to follow your outline. Reorganize outline if necessary. CHECKLIST ONE: 1.Is my thesis statement concise and clear? 2. Did I follow my outline? Did I miss anything? 3. Are my arguments presented in a logical sequence? 4. Are all sources properly cited to ensure that I am not plagiarizing? 5. Have I proved my thesis with strong supporting arguments? 6. Have I made my intentions and points clear in the essay? A Research Guide for Research Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html Re-read your paper for grammatical errors. Use a dictionary or a thesaurus as needed. Do a spell check. Correct all errors that you can spot and improve the overall quality of the paper to the best of your ability. Get someone else to read it over. Sometimes a second pair of eyes can see mistakes that you missed. CHECKLIST TWO: 1. Did I begin each paragraph with a proper topic sentence? 2. Have I supported my arguments with documented proof or examples? 3. Any run-on or unfinished sentences? 4. Any unnecessary or repetitious words? 5. Varying lengths of sentences? 6. Does one paragraph or idea flow smoothly into the next? 7. Any spelling or grammatical errors? 8. Quotes accurate in source, spelling, and punctuation? 9. Are all my citations accurate and in correct format? 10. Did I avoid using contractions? Use "cannot" instead of "can't", "do not" instead of "don't"? 11. Did I use third person as much as possible? Avoid using phrases such as "I think", "I guess", "I suppose“ 12. Have I made my points clear and interesting but remained objective? 13. Did I leave a sense of completion for my reader(s) at the end of the paper?
Step 8. Type Final Paper All formal reports or essays should be typewritten and printed. Read the assignment sheet again to be sure that you understand fully what is expected of you, and that your essay meets the requirements as specified by your teacher. Know how your essay will be evaluated, compare to the rubric. Proofread final paper carefully for spelling, punctuation, missing or duplicated words. Make the effort to ensure that your final paper is clean, tidy, neat, and attractive. Aim to have your final paper ready a day or two before the deadline. A Research Guide for Research Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html
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Writing a Research Report - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Writing a Research Report
Comic sans ms ms p arial crayons 1_crayons writing a research report writing a research report writing a research report writing a research report ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.
- If research was not written up, did it really occur?
- Social Scientists conduct research to discover facts, truths, and explanations about the social world.
- They write research reports to document and store research findings.
- The point is to provide useful information to others.
- Social Scientists articles, papers, or research reports convey
- Facts and/or theories others in the research community generated (research reviews)
- Facts and/or theories the research community generated and ones own findings generated from a research project (research article or book)
- Findings generated from a research project without much reference to academic literature (applied research report)
- A social science article, paper, or report generally covers only one important topic of interest and conveys evidence and interpretations of evidence.
- Research reports are NOT creative writing, opinion pieces, poems, novels, letters, musings, memoirs, or interesting to read.
- Articles, papers, or reports about primary research generally take a structure or form that seems difficult but is intended to help make reading it or using it for research quick and efficient.
- A research report has seven components
- Abstract or Summary
- Introduction
- Review of Literature
- Conclusions and Discussion
- Qualitative research reports will vary from what is presented here.
- Applied research reports may vary from what is presented here.
- The abstract or summary tells the reader very briefly what the main points and findings of the paper are.
- This allows the reader to decide whether the paper is useful to them.
- Get into the habit of reading only abstracts while searching for papers that are relevant to your research.
- Read the body of a paper only when you think it will be useful to you.
- The introduction tells the reader
- what the topic of the paper is
- why the topic is importantjustifies the topic
- what to expect in the paper
- Introductions should
- funnel from the broader topic generally, justifying it, down to the narrow specific topic of the paper
- Takes the focus to the narrow area that the literature review will cover
- Introductions are sometimes folded into literature reviews
- Literature Review
- The literature review tells the reader what other researchers have discovered about the papers narrow topic or tells the reader about other research that is relevant to the topic.
- Focused on the narrow topic of the research. Irrelevant information is NOT discussed.
- Often what students call a research paper is merely a review of literature.
- A literature review should shape the way readers think about a topicit educates readers about what the community of scholars says about a topic and its surrounding issues.
- Along the way it states facts and ideas about the social world and supports those facts and ideas with evidence for where they came from.
- Literature reviews must be empirically based, making only claims that can be substantiated by other primary research.
- Parenthetical Citations
- Run throughout. They are a systematic way to document from where facts and ideas came, allowing the skeptical reader to look up anything that is questionable.
- Substantiate the claims without breaking the flow.
- Consist of authors last names and the year of publication.
- Each citation directs the reader to the references
- Complete information on sources is in references, so theres no need for all the information to be in the text.
- Look up last names and dates in alphabetized references list.
- Parenthetical Citations have stylistic conventions.
- In text, just pointing out where info came from
- blah blah (Author Year) or (Lee 2004).
- In text, where you quoted someone
- Quote quote (Author Year Pages) or (Lee 2004 340).
- In text, more than one source
- (Author Year Author Year) or (Lee 2004 Seymour Hewitt 1997)
- In text, if you want to use the authors name in a sentence
- Author (Year) says that or Lee (2004) claims that girls
- Quoting a person and using their name
- Author (Year Pages) says, Quote quote or Lee (2004 341) says, Girls are more likely to
- If a claim is necessary, but cannot be substantiated by the community of scholars, the author makes clear that the claim is speculation. The logic of the speculation is detailed.
- Sources of information are not extensively quoted or copied and pasted. Instead, the author puts facts and ideas into his or her own words while pointing out where the information came from.
- Think about how you tell family members about the exciting things you learned in classes. You make claims in you own wordsyou dont quote word for word or cut and paste what you learned.
- Academic Researchers explain why social events occur as they do. They use (and test) explanations that have worked before, THEORIES. (Research Circle)
- Most academic literature reviews have a guiding theory that
- Frames (or helps with understanding ) phenomena in the literature.
- Establishes expectations (or hypotheses) for the research.
- Justifies speculation when no empirical evidence has yet to justify it.
- Sometimes the point of a research project is to simply test a theory or theories
- Quantitative literature reviews typically end with statements of
- Exactly what the focus of research activity will be (what ideas will be tested with data)
- Research hypotheses
- Statements of the expected relationship(s) between two (or more) variables
- For example
- Men will have higher income than women.
- Older Americans are more likely to oppose abortion for a woman who does not want her baby because she is poor.
- Hypothesis 1. In a new social context, girls will be more sociable than boysgetting more involved with others (interactional commitments) and forming more emotionally close relationships (affective commitments)across activity domains.
- Hypothesis 2. Given that commitments to new relationships positively determine identity prominence, and identity prominence positively determines behaviors, if girls are more sociable with newer persons, their identities and behaviors will change more across activity domains.
- Hypothesis 3. However, girls and boys will experience the same identity processes, meaning that girls and boys with the same sociability in new relationships will have equal identity and behavior changes.
- The methods section documents the ways that researchers tested their hypotheses to determine whether there was evidence in the data to support the predicted relationship between the variables. Think in terms of Who, What, When, Where, Why and How?
- A METHODS SECTION MUST CONTAIN
- A) Descriptions of Sample
- Target Population
- The Ways Data were Collected
- Delivery Methods
- A) Descriptions of Sample (cont.)
- Response Rates
- Sample size after various decisions are made
- eliminating non-Christians from the sample
- using only white respondents
- Limitations of Data (Sample biases, Who is omitted, etc.)
- Any analyses necessary to bolster claims the data are appropriate
- Reflection on how well sample reflects the target population
- B) Descriptions of Variables
- (Dependent variable is described first)
- Give the variables intuitive names.
- Education, not educ
- Favor Free Speech, not allowspk
- Word for word description of the questions used to measure the concept (or create the variable)Caution using psychology and medicine scales
- The way the researcher coded the variables
- B) Descriptions of Variables (cont.)
- Manipulations of the variables
- recoding income from 23 uneven intervals to five equivalent categories
- Removing Green Party from Political Party variable
- Reflection on how accurately variables measure the concepts that they are intended to measure
- C) The techniques that will be used to test your hypotheses or research questions
- The results section chronicles the findings of the statistical analyses and assesses whether your expectations (hypotheses) were correct or not.
- The results section includes
- Professional tables showing descriptive and inferential statistics
- Narrative describing most relevant findings in tables
- The narrative and tables are complementary.
- The narrative discusses ONLY VERY IMPORTANT findings and refers to where information can be found in the tables as different facts are discussed.
- The tables contain almost all statistical information so that the author does not have to write a narrative for every detail in the analysis.
- The results narrative includes
- Evaluations of the hypotheses. Were the research hypotheses supported?
- Statements about new discoveries or surprises encountered in the analyses
- Descriptive statistics tables
- Tables reporting results of statistics that were used to test the hypotheses
- They include
- Table Number in Title
- Descriptive Title
- Other conventions of conveying information in an organized manner.
- This section
- Summarizes the most salient findings in the results (tell the reader what you found out about your topic).
- Assesses how ones findings relate to what the community of scholars already knew about your topic.
- Discusses the general significance of your findings for your topic in genearal.
- (moves back out from the specific to the general topic)
- You should discuss the shortcomings of your study and what implications these have for your findings.
- Discuss things future researchers should investigate about your topic.
- Leave the reader with the understanding he or she ought to have about the topic you spent so much time exploring.
- The references are just as important as any other part of your paper.
- are the link to the library, the repository of empirical evidence gathered from primary research. (they make it easy to find sources of facts and ideas)
- permit your reader to assess the worthiness of the claims made in your paper.
- Should be hanging indented, alphabetical on authors last name (by increasing year within same author) with information in order determined by type of source
- Last Name, first name. Year. Article title. Journal Name Volume(number) 1st Page- Last Page.
- Lee, James Daniel. 2005. Do Girls Change More than Boys? Gender Differences and Similarities in the Impact of New Relationships on Identities and Behaviors. Self and Identity 4131-47.
- Last Name, first name. Year. Chapter Name. Pages in the book in Book Name, edited by first name last name. City of Publisher Publisher.
- Last name, first name. Year. Book Name. City of Publisher Publisher.
- Davis, James Allan and Smith, Tom W. General social surveys, 1972-2008 machine-readable data file /Principal Investigator, James A. Davis Director and Co-Principal Investigator, Tom W. Smith Co-Principal Investigator, Peter V. Marsden Sponsored by National Science Foundation. --NORC ed.-- Chicago National Opinion Research Center producer Storrs, CT The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut distributor, 2007.
- Last Name (if available), first name. Year (if available). Article or web page title. Journal or Report Name Volume (if available). http//address. Date accessed.
- Some General Points
- Make accurate sociological claims in your paper. Stake out positionsa kind of, I think I have the answer to this issue, position.
- Cite facts to support your sociological claims.
- If you can, use theories to support your sociological claims.
- Every declaration or fact claim must be cited or overtly posed as speculation.
- Anticipate your readers questions as you write
- help the reader understand why your topic is important
- demonstrate to the reader that you adequately investigated your topic
- help them anticipate what youll say nexteverything you say should seem reasonable to say
- While writing, keep thinking The point is to (1) establish hypotheses (2) describe how to test the hypotheses (3) give results of tests, and (4) discuss what the reader should believe about the world.
- There is no right answer in a research paperJust approximate representations of the truth that are closer or further away from that truth.
- The truth is
- From Community of Scholars
- What they said about your topic in the journals, books, and other publications
- What your methods and analyses revealed about the topic.
- FinallyAvoiding Plagiarism
- What is it?
- All knowledge in your head has either been copied from some place or originally discovered by you.
- Most knowledge was copied.
- This is true in most settings. General knowledge is copied. Most teachers lectures are copied knowledge.
- Humans are naturally copiers, but this is not what we would typically call plagiarism.
- The Elements of Style endorses imitation as a way for a writer to achieve his own style
- The use of language begins with imitation . . . The imitative life continues long after the writer is on his own in the language, for it is almost impossible to avoid imitating what one admires. Never imitate consciously, but do not worry about being an imitator take pains instead to admire what is good. Then when you write in a way that comes naturally, you will echo the halloos that bear repeating.
- Copied from http//www.answers.com/topic/writing -style-1
- Among other things, plagiarism refers to taking others work and representing it as if it were your own.
- In academics this is bad because with plagiarism
- One cannot assess students development accurately
- The person who makes his or her livelihood by scholarly pursuit is being robbed of credit
- It masks the lineage of ideas and facts.
- Plagiarism is to academics as Enron-accounting is to
- corporate America.
- Lineage of Ideas
- Original sources of research are all the proof we have for some facts. Without the paper trail of academic thought
- People could pass incorrect ideas off as facts
- We would have to keep re-proving things.
- The contexts that generated facts and ideas get lost.
- Research becomes highly inefficient as it becomes incredibly difficult to find full information on a topic.
- To avoid plagiarism
- Document every source for information that is not general knowledgethis includes facts and ideas.
- Cite every time a fact or idea is used unless it is clear that one citation is referring to a group of facts or ideas.
- If you quote material, put quotation marks around the quoted stuff and include a page number within the citation.
- It is alright to paraphrase material, but you still have to cite from where the paraphrased material came.
- When in doubt, cite the source.
- Improper citing is grounds for failure on the course paper.
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Home > Griffith Health > Learning and Teaching > TTP Program > Guide to Writing Research Reports
Guide to Writing Research Reports
Transition & Tertiary Preparedness (TTP) Program
- What to Expect in Your First Few Weeks
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- Writing Essay Introductions
- Writing Essay Body Paragraphs
- Writing Essay Conclusions
- Referencing
- Tips for Proof-Reading and Editing
- Using Evidence and Academic Integrity
- Tips for Writing Reflectively
- Writing Comparative Paragraphs
- Interpreting and Applying Assessment Feedback
- Oral Presentations
- Exam Technique on the Day
The video presentation for this session outlines the ‘traditional’ structure of a research report, highlighting the key information that is usually presented in each section. The Resources section includes an outline you can download which sets out the core structure of a research report presented in the video in addition to some useful links to other helpful web resources.
Here is a downloadable outline of the core ‘traditional’ structure of a research report showcased in the video presentation.
- Funnel Analogy Model
- Tips for Structuring and Writing Research Reports
Griffith University – Assignment types
Griffith Health Writing and Referencing Guide –Research Report Writing
RMIT Learning Lab – Reports
University of Technology Sydney –Report Writing
University of Manchester Academic Phrasebank
- Publication Recognition
How to Make a PowerPoint Presentation of Your Research Paper
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Table of Contents
A research paper presentation is often used at conferences and in other settings where you have an opportunity to share your research, and get feedback from your colleagues. Although it may seem as simple as summarizing your research and sharing your knowledge, successful research paper PowerPoint presentation examples show us that there’s a little bit more than that involved.
In this article, we’ll highlight how to make a PowerPoint presentation from a research paper, and what to include (as well as what NOT to include). We’ll also touch on how to present a research paper at a conference.
Purpose of a Research Paper Presentation
The purpose of presenting your paper at a conference or forum is different from the purpose of conducting your research and writing up your paper. In this setting, you want to highlight your work instead of including every detail of your research. Likewise, a presentation is an excellent opportunity to get direct feedback from your colleagues in the field. But, perhaps the main reason for presenting your research is to spark interest in your work, and entice the audience to read your research paper.
So, yes, your presentation should summarize your work, but it needs to do so in a way that encourages your audience to seek out your work, and share their interest in your work with others. It’s not enough just to present your research dryly, to get information out there. More important is to encourage engagement with you, your research, and your work.
Tips for Creating Your Research Paper Presentation
In addition to basic PowerPoint presentation recommendations, which we’ll cover later in this article, think about the following when you’re putting together your research paper presentation:
- Know your audience : First and foremost, who are you presenting to? Students? Experts in your field? Potential funders? Non-experts? The truth is that your audience will probably have a bit of a mix of all of the above. So, make sure you keep that in mind as you prepare your presentation.
Know more about: Discover the Target Audience .
- Your audience is human : In other words, they may be tired, they might be wondering why they’re there, and they will, at some point, be tuning out. So, take steps to help them stay interested in your presentation. You can do that by utilizing effective visuals, summarize your conclusions early, and keep your research easy to understand.
- Running outline : It’s not IF your audience will drift off, or get lost…it’s WHEN. Keep a running outline, either within the presentation or via a handout. Use visual and verbal clues to highlight where you are in the presentation.
- Where does your research fit in? You should know of work related to your research, but you don’t have to cite every example. In addition, keep references in your presentation to the end, or in the handout. Your audience is there to hear about your work.
- Plan B : Anticipate possible questions for your presentation, and prepare slides that answer those specific questions in more detail, but have them at the END of your presentation. You can then jump to them, IF needed.
What Makes a PowerPoint Presentation Effective?
You’ve probably attended a presentation where the presenter reads off of their PowerPoint outline, word for word. Or where the presentation is busy, disorganized, or includes too much information. Here are some simple tips for creating an effective PowerPoint Presentation.
- Less is more: You want to give enough information to make your audience want to read your paper. So include details, but not too many, and avoid too many formulas and technical jargon.
- Clean and professional : Avoid excessive colors, distracting backgrounds, font changes, animations, and too many words. Instead of whole paragraphs, bullet points with just a few words to summarize and highlight are best.
- Know your real-estate : Each slide has a limited amount of space. Use it wisely. Typically one, no more than two points per slide. Balance each slide visually. Utilize illustrations when needed; not extraneously.
- Keep things visual : Remember, a PowerPoint presentation is a powerful tool to present things visually. Use visual graphs over tables and scientific illustrations over long text. Keep your visuals clean and professional, just like any text you include in your presentation.
Know more about our Scientific Illustrations Services .
Another key to an effective presentation is to practice, practice, and then practice some more. When you’re done with your PowerPoint, go through it with friends and colleagues to see if you need to add (or delete excessive) information. Double and triple check for typos and errors. Know the presentation inside and out, so when you’re in front of your audience, you’ll feel confident and comfortable.
How to Present a Research Paper
If your PowerPoint presentation is solid, and you’ve practiced your presentation, that’s half the battle. Follow the basic advice to keep your audience engaged and interested by making eye contact, encouraging questions, and presenting your information with enthusiasm.
We encourage you to read our articles on how to present a scientific journal article and tips on giving good scientific presentations .
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- Research Report: Definition, Types + [Writing Guide]
One of the reasons for carrying out research is to add to the existing body of knowledge. Therefore, when conducting research, you need to document your processes and findings in a research report.
With a research report, it is easy to outline the findings of your systematic investigation and any gaps needing further inquiry. Knowing how to create a detailed research report will prove useful when you need to conduct research.
What is a Research Report?
A research report is a well-crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the research process, and it is typically considered an objective and accurate source of information.
In many ways, a research report can be considered as a summary of the research process that clearly highlights findings, recommendations, and other important details. Reading a well-written research report should provide you with all the information you need about the core areas of the research process.
Features of a Research Report
So how do you recognize a research report when you see one? Here are some of the basic features that define a research report.
- It is a detailed presentation of research processes and findings, and it usually includes tables and graphs.
- It is written in a formal language.
- A research report is usually written in the third person.
- It is informative and based on first-hand verifiable information.
- It is formally structured with headings, sections, and bullet points.
- It always includes recommendations for future actions.
Types of Research Report
The research report is classified based on two things; nature of research and target audience.
Nature of Research
- Qualitative Research Report
This is the type of report written for qualitative research . It outlines the methods, processes, and findings of a qualitative method of systematic investigation. In educational research, a qualitative research report provides an opportunity for one to apply his or her knowledge and develop skills in planning and executing qualitative research projects.
A qualitative research report is usually descriptive in nature. Hence, in addition to presenting details of the research process, you must also create a descriptive narrative of the information.
- Quantitative Research Report
A quantitative research report is a type of research report that is written for quantitative research. Quantitative research is a type of systematic investigation that pays attention to numerical or statistical values in a bid to find answers to research questions.
In this type of research report, the researcher presents quantitative data to support the research process and findings. Unlike a qualitative research report that is mainly descriptive, a quantitative research report works with numbers; that is, it is numerical in nature.
Target Audience
Also, a research report can be said to be technical or popular based on the target audience. If you’re dealing with a general audience, you would need to present a popular research report, and if you’re dealing with a specialized audience, you would submit a technical report.
- Technical Research Report
A technical research report is a detailed document that you present after carrying out industry-based research. This report is highly specialized because it provides information for a technical audience; that is, individuals with above-average knowledge in the field of study.
In a technical research report, the researcher is expected to provide specific information about the research process, including statistical analyses and sampling methods. Also, the use of language is highly specialized and filled with jargon.
Examples of technical research reports include legal and medical research reports.
- Popular Research Report
A popular research report is one for a general audience; that is, for individuals who do not necessarily have any knowledge in the field of study. A popular research report aims to make information accessible to everyone.
It is written in very simple language, which makes it easy to understand the findings and recommendations. Examples of popular research reports are the information contained in newspapers and magazines.
Importance of a Research Report
- Knowledge Transfer: As already stated above, one of the reasons for carrying out research is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge, and this is made possible with a research report. A research report serves as a means to effectively communicate the findings of a systematic investigation to all and sundry.
- Identification of Knowledge Gaps: With a research report, you’d be able to identify knowledge gaps for further inquiry. A research report shows what has been done while hinting at other areas needing systematic investigation.
- In market research, a research report would help you understand the market needs and peculiarities at a glance.
- A research report allows you to present information in a precise and concise manner.
- It is time-efficient and practical because, in a research report, you do not have to spend time detailing the findings of your research work in person. You can easily send out the report via email and have stakeholders look at it.
Guide to Writing a Research Report
A lot of detail goes into writing a research report, and getting familiar with the different requirements would help you create the ideal research report. A research report is usually broken down into multiple sections, which allows for a concise presentation of information.
Structure and Example of a Research Report
This is the title of your systematic investigation. Your title should be concise and point to the aims, objectives, and findings of a research report.
- Table of Contents
This is like a compass that makes it easier for readers to navigate the research report.
An abstract is an overview that highlights all important aspects of the research including the research method, data collection process, and research findings. Think of an abstract as a summary of your research report that presents pertinent information in a concise manner.
An abstract is always brief; typically 100-150 words and goes straight to the point. The focus of your research abstract should be the 5Ws and 1H format – What, Where, Why, When, Who and How.
- Introduction
Here, the researcher highlights the aims and objectives of the systematic investigation as well as the problem which the systematic investigation sets out to solve. When writing the report introduction, it is also essential to indicate whether the purposes of the research were achieved or would require more work.
In the introduction section, the researcher specifies the research problem and also outlines the significance of the systematic investigation. Also, the researcher is expected to outline any jargons and terminologies that are contained in the research.
- Literature Review
A literature review is a written survey of existing knowledge in the field of study. In other words, it is the section where you provide an overview and analysis of different research works that are relevant to your systematic investigation.
It highlights existing research knowledge and areas needing further investigation, which your research has sought to fill. At this stage, you can also hint at your research hypothesis and its possible implications for the existing body of knowledge in your field of study.
- An Account of Investigation
This is a detailed account of the research process, including the methodology, sample, and research subjects. Here, you are expected to provide in-depth information on the research process including the data collection and analysis procedures.
In a quantitative research report, you’d need to provide information surveys, questionnaires and other quantitative data collection methods used in your research. In a qualitative research report, you are expected to describe the qualitative data collection methods used in your research including interviews and focus groups.
In this section, you are expected to present the results of the systematic investigation.
This section further explains the findings of the research, earlier outlined. Here, you are expected to present a justification for each outcome and show whether the results are in line with your hypotheses or if other research studies have come up with similar results.
- Conclusions
This is a summary of all the information in the report. It also outlines the significance of the entire study.
- References and Appendices
This section contains a list of all the primary and secondary research sources.
Tips for Writing a Research Report
- Define the Context for the Report
As is obtainable when writing an essay, defining the context for your research report would help you create a detailed yet concise document. This is why you need to create an outline before writing so that you do not miss out on anything.
- Define your Audience
Writing with your audience in mind is essential as it determines the tone of the report. If you’re writing for a general audience, you would want to present the information in a simple and relatable manner. For a specialized audience, you would need to make use of technical and field-specific terms.
- Include Significant Findings
The idea of a research report is to present some sort of abridged version of your systematic investigation. In your report, you should exclude irrelevant information while highlighting only important data and findings.
- Include Illustrations
Your research report should include illustrations and other visual representations of your data. Graphs, pie charts, and relevant images lend additional credibility to your systematic investigation.
- Choose the Right Title
A good research report title is brief, precise, and contains keywords from your research. It should provide a clear idea of your systematic investigation so that readers can grasp the entire focus of your research from the title.
- Proofread the Report
Before publishing the document, ensure that you give it a second look to authenticate the information. If you can, get someone else to go through the report, too, and you can also run it through proofreading and editing software.
How to Gather Research Data for Your Report
- Understand the Problem
Every research aims at solving a specific problem or set of problems, and this should be at the back of your mind when writing your research report. Understanding the problem would help you to filter the information you have and include only important data in your report.
- Know what your report seeks to achieve
This is somewhat similar to the point above because, in some way, the aim of your research report is intertwined with the objectives of your systematic investigation. Identifying the primary purpose of writing a research report would help you to identify and present the required information accordingly.
- Identify your audience
Knowing your target audience plays a crucial role in data collection for a research report. If your research report is specifically for an organization, you would want to present industry-specific information or show how the research findings are relevant to the work that the company does.
- Create Surveys/Questionnaires
A survey is a research method that is used to gather data from a specific group of people through a set of questions. It can be either quantitative or qualitative.
A survey is usually made up of structured questions, and it can be administered online or offline. However, an online survey is a more effective method of research data collection because it helps you save time and gather data with ease.
You can seamlessly create an online questionnaire for your research on Formplus . With the multiple sharing options available in the builder, you would be able to administer your survey to respondents in little or no time.
Formplus also has a report summary too l that you can use to create custom visual reports for your research.
Step-by-step guide on how to create an online questionnaire using Formplus
- Sign into Formplus
In the Formplus builder, you can easily create different online questionnaires for your research by dragging and dropping preferred fields into your form. To access the Formplus builder, you will need to create an account on Formplus.
Once you do this, sign in to your account and click on Create new form to begin.
- Edit Form Title : Click on the field provided to input your form title, for example, “Research Questionnaire.”
- Edit Form : Click on the edit icon to edit the form.
- Add Fields : Drag and drop preferred form fields into your form in the Formplus builder inputs column. There are several field input options for questionnaires in the Formplus builder.
- Edit fields
- Click on “Save”
- Form Customization: With the form customization options in the form builder, you can easily change the outlook of your form and make it more unique and personalized. Formplus allows you to change your form theme, add background images, and even change the font according to your needs.
- Multiple Sharing Options: Formplus offers various form-sharing options, which enables you to share your questionnaire with respondents easily. You can use the direct social media sharing buttons to share your form link to your organization’s social media pages. You can also send out your survey form as email invitations to your research subjects too. If you wish, you can share your form’s QR code or embed it on your organization’s website for easy access.
Conclusion
Always remember that a research report is just as important as the actual systematic investigation because it plays a vital role in communicating research findings to everyone else. This is why you must take care to create a concise document summarizing the process of conducting any research.
In this article, we’ve outlined essential tips to help you create a research report. When writing your report, you should always have the audience at the back of your mind, as this would set the tone for the document.
Create Online Surveys for your Research Report on Formplus
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Home » Research Report – Writing Guide and Examples
Research Report – Writing Guide and Examples
Table of Contents
Research Report
Research Report is a type of academic writing that presents the findings of a study . It is usually written by scholars in order to communicate their findings to the larger academic community. In order to write a good research report, one must first understand what constitutes good research . Good research is systematic, objective, and replicable. It is also important that the research question be clear and concise
Parts of Research Report
The Research Report has the following parts or Format:
Abstract or Summary
Introduction, review of literature, conclusions and discussion.
An abstract is a brief summary of a research report. Its purpose is to provide an overview of the main points of the report and to introduce the reader to the problem being investigated. The abstract should be written in clear, concise language and should not exceed 300 words. It should be divided into sections that correspond to the sections of the report: Introduction, Methods , Results, and Discussion. Each section should be one or two sentences long. The abstract should begin with a statement of the problem or purpose of the study, followed by a description of the methods used, the results obtained, and the conclusions reached.
When you are writing a research report, it is important to include an introduction. This will give your reader an overview of what you will be discussing in your paper. Your introduction should be between two and three paragraphs long. In your first paragraph, you should introduce the topic of your paper and explain why it is important. In the second paragraph, you should provide an overview of your research findings. Finally, in the third paragraph, you should briefly summarize your conclusions.
A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The purpose of a literature review is to provide a critical evaluation of the existing research, to identify gaps in knowledge, and to suggest future directions for research. A literature review should include a description of the research problem, an overview of the relevant literature, a critical evaluation of the existing research, and a discussion of the implications for future research.
The methodology is the process used to gather and analyze data for a research project. There are many different types of methodology, and each has its own strengths and weaknesses. The most important thing to remember when choosing a methodology is that it should be fit for the specific research question you are trying to answer.
The paragraphs should start with:
- The results of the research are in and they are very interesting.
- The study found that [insert finding here].
- This is a significant finding because [insert explanation here].
In any research report, the Conclusions and Discussion sections are where the researcher gets to present their interpretation of the data. This is where they get to explain what the data means and how it can be used. It is important to remember that the Conclusions and Discussion sections are not always separate. Sometimes they are combined into one section. In this case, it is up to the researcher to decide which approach to take.
When writing the Conclusions and Discussion sections, there are a few things to keep in mind.
- First, make sure that you do not simply restate the results of your study.
- Second, try to relate your findings back to the research question or hypothesis that you started with. This will help to show how your study has contributed to our understanding of the topic.
- Finally, make sure to discuss any limitations of your study and suggest future directions for research.
When it comes to research reports, references are key. Without references, your report is likely to be dismissed as invalid. That’s why it’s so important to make sure that you include references in your report. There are a few things to keep in mind when including references in your report.
- You need to make sure that your sources are reliable.
- You need to make sure that you cite your sources correctly.
- You need to make sure that your references are up-to-date.
If you follow these guidelines, then you should have no problem including references in your research report. Remember, references are essential in order to prove the validity of your research.
Importance of Research Report
The research report is one of the most important documents in the field of academia. It allows scholars to communicate their findings to the larger academic community and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. A well-written research report can have a significant impact on the career of a researcher, as it is often used by funding agencies and tenure committees to evaluate applicants. They are often used by journals when making editorial decisions. Therefore, it is crucial that scholars take the time to write clear and concise reports that accurately reflect their research.
About the author
Muhammad Hassan
I am Muhammad Hassan, a Researcher, Academic Writer, Web Developer, and Android App Developer. I have worked in various industries and have gained a wealth of knowledge and experience. In my spare time, I enjoy writing blog posts and articles on a variety of Academic topics. I also like to stay up-to-date with the latest trends in the IT industry to share my knowledge with others through my writing.
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How to Write a Research Paper | A Beginner's Guide
A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent research.
Research papers are similar to academic essays , but they are usually longer and more detailed assignments, designed to assess not only your writing skills but also your skills in scholarly research. Writing a research paper requires you to demonstrate a strong knowledge of your topic, engage with a variety of sources, and make an original contribution to the debate.
This step-by-step guide takes you through the entire writing process, from understanding your assignment to proofreading your final draft.
Table of contents
Understand the assignment, choose a research paper topic, conduct preliminary research, develop a thesis statement, create a research paper outline, write a first draft of the research paper, write the introduction, write a compelling body of text, write the conclusion, the second draft, the revision process, research paper checklist, free lecture slides.
Completing a research paper successfully means accomplishing the specific tasks set out for you. Before you start, make sure you thoroughly understanding the assignment task sheet:
- Read it carefully, looking for anything confusing you might need to clarify with your professor.
- Identify the assignment goal, deadline, length specifications, formatting, and submission method.
- Make a bulleted list of the key points, then go back and cross completed items off as you’re writing.
Carefully consider your timeframe and word limit: be realistic, and plan enough time to research, write, and edit.
There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student or professor.
You can try free writing, which involves taking a broad topic and writing continuously for two or three minutes to identify absolutely anything relevant that could be interesting.
You can also gain inspiration from other research. The discussion or recommendations sections of research papers often include ideas for other specific topics that require further examination.
Once you have a broad subject area, narrow it down to choose a topic that interests you, m eets the criteria of your assignment, and i s possible to research. Aim for ideas that are both original and specific:
- A paper following the chronology of World War II would not be original or specific enough.
- A paper on the experience of Danish citizens living close to the German border during World War II would be specific and could be original enough.
What can proofreading do for your paper?
Scribbr editors not only correct grammar and spelling mistakes, but also strengthen your writing by making sure your paper is free of vague language, redundant words, and awkward phrasing.
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Note any discussions that seem important to the topic, and try to find an issue that you can focus your paper around. Use a variety of sources , including journals, books, and reliable websites, to ensure you do not miss anything glaring.
Do not only verify the ideas you have in mind, but look for sources that contradict your point of view.
- Is there anything people seem to overlook in the sources you research?
- Are there any heated debates you can address?
- Do you have a unique take on your topic?
- Have there been some recent developments that build on the extant research?
In this stage, you might find it helpful to formulate some research questions to help guide you. To write research questions, try to finish the following sentence: “I want to know how/what/why…”
A thesis statement is a statement of your central argument — it establishes the purpose and position of your paper. If you started with a research question, the thesis statement should answer it. It should also show what evidence and reasoning you’ll use to support that answer.
The thesis statement should be concise, contentious, and coherent. That means it should briefly summarize your argument in a sentence or two, make a claim that requires further evidence or analysis, and make a coherent point that relates to every part of the paper.
You will probably revise and refine the thesis statement as you do more research, but it can serve as a guide throughout the writing process. Every paragraph should aim to support and develop this central claim.
A research paper outline is essentially a list of the key topics, arguments, and evidence you want to include, divided into sections with headings so that you know roughly what the paper will look like before you start writing.
A structure outline can help make the writing process much more efficient, so it’s worth dedicating some time to create one.
Your first draft won’t be perfect — you can polish later on. Your priorities at this stage are as follows:
- Maintaining forward momentum — write now, perfect later.
- Paying attention to clear organization and logical ordering of paragraphs and sentences, which will help when you come to the second draft.
- Expressing your ideas as clearly as possible, so you know what you were trying to say when you come back to the text.
You do not need to start by writing the introduction. Begin where it feels most natural for you — some prefer to finish the most difficult sections first, while others choose to start with the easiest part. If you created an outline, use it as a map while you work.
Do not delete large sections of text. If you begin to dislike something you have written or find it doesn’t quite fit, move it to a different document, but don’t lose it completely — you never know if it might come in useful later.
Paragraph structure
Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of research papers. Each one should focus on a single claim or idea that helps to establish the overall argument or purpose of the paper.
Example paragraph
George Orwell’s 1946 essay “Politics and the English Language” has had an enduring impact on thought about the relationship between politics and language. This impact is particularly obvious in light of the various critical review articles that have recently referenced the essay. For example, consider Mark Falcoff’s 2009 article in The National Review Online, “The Perversion of Language; or, Orwell Revisited,” in which he analyzes several common words (“activist,” “civil-rights leader,” “diversity,” and more). Falcoff’s close analysis of the ambiguity built into political language intentionally mirrors Orwell’s own point-by-point analysis of the political language of his day. Even 63 years after its publication, Orwell’s essay is emulated by contemporary thinkers.
Citing sources
It’s also important to keep track of citations at this stage to avoid accidental plagiarism . Each time you use a source, make sure to take note of where the information came from.
You can use our free citation generators to automatically create citations and save your reference list as you go.
APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator
The research paper introduction should address three questions: What, why, and how? After finishing the introduction, the reader should know what the paper is about, why it is worth reading, and how you’ll build your arguments.
What? Be specific about the topic of the paper, introduce the background, and define key terms or concepts.
Why? This is the most important, but also the most difficult, part of the introduction. Try to provide brief answers to the following questions: What new material or insight are you offering? What important issues does your essay help define or answer?
How? To let the reader know what to expect from the rest of the paper, the introduction should include a “map” of what will be discussed, briefly presenting the key elements of the paper in chronological order.
The major struggle faced by most writers is how to organize the information presented in the paper, which is one reason an outline is so useful. However, remember that the outline is only a guide and, when writing, you can be flexible with the order in which the information and arguments are presented.
One way to stay on track is to use your thesis statement and topic sentences . Check:
- topic sentences against the thesis statement;
- topic sentences against each other, for similarities and logical ordering;
- and each sentence against the topic sentence of that paragraph.
Be aware of paragraphs that seem to cover the same things. If two paragraphs discuss something similar, they must approach that topic in different ways. Aim to create smooth transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections.
The research paper conclusion is designed to help your reader out of the paper’s argument, giving them a sense of finality.
Trace the course of the paper, emphasizing how it all comes together to prove your thesis statement. Give the paper a sense of finality by making sure the reader understands how you’ve settled the issues raised in the introduction.
You might also discuss the more general consequences of the argument, outline what the paper offers to future students of the topic, and suggest any questions the paper’s argument raises but cannot or does not try to answer.
You should not :
- Offer new arguments or essential information
- Take up any more space than necessary
- Begin with stock phrases that signal you are ending the paper (e.g. “In conclusion”)
There are four main considerations when it comes to the second draft.
- Check how your vision of the paper lines up with the first draft and, more importantly, that your paper still answers the assignment.
- Identify any assumptions that might require (more substantial) justification, keeping your reader’s perspective foremost in mind. Remove these points if you cannot substantiate them further.
- Be open to rearranging your ideas. Check whether any sections feel out of place and whether your ideas could be better organized.
- If you find that old ideas do not fit as well as you anticipated, you should cut them out or condense them. You might also find that new and well-suited ideas occurred to you during the writing of the first draft — now is the time to make them part of the paper.
The goal during the revision and proofreading process is to ensure you have completed all the necessary tasks and that the paper is as well-articulated as possible.
Global concerns
- Confirm that your paper completes every task specified in your assignment sheet.
- Check for logical organization and flow of paragraphs.
- Check paragraphs against the introduction and thesis statement.
Fine-grained details
Check the content of each paragraph, making sure that:
- each sentence helps support the topic sentence.
- no unnecessary or irrelevant information is present.
- all technical terms your audience might not know are identified.
Next, think about sentence structure , grammatical errors, and formatting . Check that you have correctly used transition words and phrases to show the connections between your ideas. Look for typos, cut unnecessary words, and check for consistency in aspects such as heading formatting and spellings .
Finally, you need to make sure your paper is correctly formatted according to the rules of the citation style you are using. For example, you might need to include an MLA heading or create an APA title page .
Scribbr’s professional editors can help with the revision process with our award-winning proofreading services.
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Checklist: Research paper
I have followed all instructions in the assignment sheet.
My introduction presents my topic in an engaging way and provides necessary background information.
My introduction presents a clear, focused research problem and/or thesis statement .
My paper is logically organized using paragraphs and (if relevant) section headings .
Each paragraph is clearly focused on one central idea, expressed in a clear topic sentence .
Each paragraph is relevant to my research problem or thesis statement.
I have used appropriate transitions to clarify the connections between sections, paragraphs, and sentences.
My conclusion provides a concise answer to the research question or emphasizes how the thesis has been supported.
My conclusion shows how my research has contributed to knowledge or understanding of my topic.
My conclusion does not present any new points or information essential to my argument.
I have provided an in-text citation every time I refer to ideas or information from a source.
I have included a reference list at the end of my paper, consistently formatted according to a specific citation style .
I have thoroughly revised my paper and addressed any feedback from my professor or supervisor.
I have followed all formatting guidelines (page numbers, headers, spacing, etc.).
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A research report is a precise presentation of the work done by a researcher while investigating a particular problem and whether the study is conducted by an individual researcher or by an institution.
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- 1. Dr A K Bhartiya Department of Social Work University of Lucknow Email: [email protected]
- 2. A research report is a precise presentation of the work done by a researcher while investigating a particular problem and whether the study is conducted by an individual researcher or by an Institution.
- 3. The findings of the study should be reported for several reasons. These are :- People learn more about the area of study, The discipline gets enriched with new knowledge and theories, Researcher and practitioners in the field can apply, test and retest the findings already arrived it, Other researchers can refer to the findings and utilize the findings for further research, Findings can be utilized and implemented by the policy makers or those who had sponsored the project.
- 4. The entire research report is mainly divided into three major divisions :- The Beginning, The Main Body, and The End
- 5. Cover or Title Page Second Cover Preface Acknowledgement Contents List of Tables List of Figures Glossary List of Abbriviations
- 6. Introduction Review of Literature Design of the Study Analysis and Interpretation of Data Main Findings and Conclusion Summary
- 7. Bibliography and References Appendices
- 8. Title of the Topic, Relationship of the Report to a Degree, Course, or Organizational Requirement, Name of Researcher, Name of Supervisor, Name of the Institution where the report is submitted, and The Date of Submission
- 9. Awareness of Urban Couples About Female Foeticide : A Social Work Intervention Study Sponsored by: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Director Dr A K Bhartiya Asst Professor Department of Social Work University of Lucknow December, 2013
- 10. A Preface should include the reason why the topic was selected by the researcher. It may explain the history, scope, methodology and the researcher’s opinion about the study. The Preface and acknowledgement can be in continuation or written separately. This page follows the inner title page. It records acknowledgement with sincerity for the unusual help received form other to conduct the study. The acknowledgement should be non-emotional and simple.
- 11. A table of content indicates the logical division of the report into various sections and subsections. In other word, the table of contents presents in itemized form, the beginning, the main body and the end of the report. It should also indicate the page reference for each chapter or section and sub-section on the right hand side of the table.
- 12. Preface i Acknowledgement ii Table of Contents iii Chapter I Introduction 1-11 Chapter II Review of Literature 12-20 Chapter III Research Methodology 21-32 Chapter IV The Profile of Respondents 33-42 i) Social Status 34 ii) Economic Status 37 iii) Educational Status 39 Chapter V Awareness Level of the Urban Couples 42-57 i) Awareness Level among the Females 44
- 13. ii) Awareness Level among the Males 51 Chapter VI Evaluation of Programmes 58-72 i) The Programmes 59 ii) Opinion of the Beneficiaries 62 Chapter VII Major Findings 73-84 Chapter VIII Conclusion and Suggestions 85-94 Bibliography 95 Appendices I List of Voluntary Organisation 109 II Interview Schedule for Female 112 III Interview Schedule for Male 114 IV List of Photograph 119
- 14. Table Title Page 1 Age of respondent 5 2 Level of Education 12 3 Occupation Pattern 15 4 Marital Status of Respondents 19 5 Size of the Family 26 6 Income of the Family 29 7 Opinion of the Respondents 37
- 15. The Page ‘List of Figures’ comes immediately after the ‘List of Tables’ page. Figure Title Page 1 Conceptual Framework 7 2 Network Model 9 3 Communication Network 13 4 Implementation of Schemes 18 5 Organizational Chart 24 6 Staffing Pattern 33
- 16. A Glossary is a short dictionary, explaining the technical terms and phrases which are used with special connotation by the author. Entries of the technical termed are made in alphabetical order. A Glossary may appear in the introductory pages although it usually comes after the bibliography.
- 17. To avoid repeating long names again and again, a researcher uses abbreviation. Since abbreviations are not universal, it is necessary to provide the full form of the abbreviations in the beginning. Example: AIR – All India Radio ASC – Academic Staff College LU- Lucknow University
- 18. The report should be very concise, unambiguous, and creatively presented. The presentation should be simple, direct and in short sentences. In the case of citations, only the last name of the author is used and in all cases academic and allied titles like Dr., Prof., Mr., Mrs., etc. should be avoided. Special care should be taken while using quantitative terms in a report. No sentences should begin with numerical like ‘20 students’, instead should start as “Twenty students’. Commas should be used when numbers exceed three digits- 10,233 or 468,798. Language, grammar and usage are very important in research report.
- 19. Articles, papers, books, monographs etc. quoted inside the text should always accompany relevant references, i.e. the author and the year of publication e.g. (Bhartiya, 2012). If a few lines or sentences are actually quoted from a source, the page number too should be noted e.g. (Bhartiya, 2012: 46-49)
- 20. List of some important Abbreviations used in Footnotes and Bibliography.
- 21. Research reports present both bibliographies and references. A Bibliography is a list of titles- books, research reports, articles, etc. that may or may not have been referred to in the text of the research report. References include only such studies, books or papers that have been actually referred to in the text of the research report.
- 22. There are mainly two style manuals detailing general form and style for research reports. Thee are: - American Psychological Association, Publication Manual, 3rd ed. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1983. The Chicago Manual of Style, 13th rev. ed., Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1982.
- 23. There are mainly two types of referencing:- Arranging references in alphabetical order where the researcher has cited the name of author and year of publication/completion of the work in the text. Arranging references in a sequence as they appear in the text of the research report. In this case, related statement in the body of the text is numbered.
- 24. Verma, K. and Singh, B. (2012), Principles of Economics, Rawat Publication, Jaipur. Verma, K. and Singh, B. (2012). Principles of Economics. Jaipur: Rawat Publication. Verma, K., Agrawal, M. and Singh, B. (2012). Principles of Economics. Jaipur: Rawat Publication. Verma, K. (ed.). (2012). Principles of Economics. Jaipur: Rawat Publication. Verma, K. et. al. (2012). Principles of Economics. Jaipur: Rawat Publication.
- 25. Appendices present the raw data, the true copy of the tools used in the study, important statistical calculation, photographs and charts not used inside the text. These are serially like Appendix 1, Appendix 2, Appendix 3, or Appendix I, Appendix II, Appendix III, or Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C.
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Writing Research Reports - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Writing Research Reports
Writing research reports. appendix a. writing style. clarity. short precise sentences ... writing style (2) avoid biased language ... apa style and student papers ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.
- Short precise sentences
- Avoid jargon
- Assume familiarity with statistical concepts (e.g. mean, standard deviation, significance)
- Proof read carefully AND ask someone to proof read your work
- Acknowledging the work of others
- Avoid quoting extensively
- Paraphrase, but STILL credit the ideas the original author
- Active versus Passive Voice
- It has been found that reading to young children increase vocabulary size (Scarborough Dobrich, 1994).
- Scarborough and Dobrich (1994) report that reading to young children increases vocabulary size.
- Avoid Biased Language
- Use terms to designate groups which are preferred by those groups
- Do not hyphenate group names (e.g. European Americans not European-Americans)
- Make terms parallel (15 Black and 75 White or 15 African American and 75 European American)
- Alternate he and she or use gender neutral term.
- Word Processing
- All written assignments must be prepared using Microsoft Word
- Double spaced throughout
- Only one space after a period.
- APA Style and student papers
- Tables and figures should be in the body of the paper, not at the end
- Introduction (see chp. 2)
- Methods (see chp. 2)
- Results (see chp. 2)
- Discussion (see chp. 2)
- Appendix (possibly)
- Author Note
- Tables and/or Figures
- The title the title page must quickly convey the focus of the study.
- Author(s) name(s) and affiliation(s)
- APA has specific guide lines on how this information should be presented
- Running head
- This should be a condensed version of your title
- Page header
- This is typically the first couple of words of your title and will appear on every page of the manuscript
- Page number
- In top right corner, this also will appear on every page of the manuscript
- Author note
- If the submission is to be anonymously reviewed
- Next to your title this is the portion of your paper most likely to be read by others (very important)
- Your abstract must succinctly convey
- The problem under investigation
- The participants
- The results
- Conclusions and implications based on the results
- Your abstract should NOT be more than 120 words
- Here you provide the complete article and author information for any work cited in the study
- An appendix is called for if the detailed description of certain material would be distracting if included in the body of the paper.
- You would include an appendix if your were
- using unpublished testing procedures
- using specifically designed computer programs
- unusual and/or complex equipment
- Here you provide
- Departmental affiliation of author(s)
- Funding sources for research
- Acknowledgment of others contributions
- Contact information for interested readers
- In APA format tables and figures discussed in the results sections (or elsewhere) are not included in the text they are provided at the very end of the document.
- Tables and figures are used to quickly convey complex information about the data you collected.
- There are very specific guide lines for the formatting of tables and figures. You must follow these guidelines.
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Home Market Research
Research Reports: Definition and How to Write Them
Reports are usually spread across a vast horizon of topics but are focused on communicating information about a particular topic and a niche target market. The primary motive of research reports is to convey integral details about a study for marketers to consider while designing new strategies.
Certain events, facts, and other information based on incidents need to be relayed to the people in charge, and creating research reports is the most effective communication tool. Ideal research reports are extremely accurate in the offered information with a clear objective and conclusion. These reports should have a clean and structured format to relay information effectively.
What are Research Reports?
Research reports are recorded data prepared by researchers or statisticians after analyzing the information gathered by conducting organized research, typically in the form of surveys or qualitative methods .
A research report is a reliable source to recount details about a conducted research. It is most often considered to be a true testimony of all the work done to garner specificities of research.
The various sections of a research report are:
- Background/Introduction
- Implemented Methods
- Results based on Analysis
- Deliberation
Learn more: Quantitative Research
Components of Research Reports
Research is imperative for launching a new product/service or a new feature. The markets today are extremely volatile and competitive due to new entrants every day who may or may not provide effective products. An organization needs to make the right decisions at the right time to be relevant in such a market with updated products that suffice customer demands.
The details of a research report may change with the purpose of research but the main components of a report will remain constant. The research approach of the market researcher also influences the style of writing reports. Here are seven main components of a productive research report:
- Research Report Summary: The entire objective along with the overview of research are to be included in a summary which is a couple of paragraphs in length. All the multiple components of the research are explained in brief under the report summary. It should be interesting enough to capture all the key elements of the report.
- Research Introduction: There always is a primary goal that the researcher is trying to achieve through a report. In the introduction section, he/she can cover answers related to this goal and establish a thesis which will be included to strive and answer it in detail. This section should answer an integral question: “What is the current situation of the goal?”. After the research was conducted, did the organization conclude the goal successfully or they are still a work in progress – provide such details in the introduction part of the research report.
- Research Methodology: This is the most important section of the report where all the important information lies. The readers can gain data for the topic along with analyzing the quality of provided content and the research can also be approved by other market researchers . Thus, this section needs to be highly informative with each aspect of research discussed in detail. Information needs to be expressed in chronological order according to its priority and importance. Researchers should include references in case they gained information from existing techniques.
- Research Results: A short description of the results along with calculations conducted to achieve the goal will form this section of results. Usually, the exposition after data analysis is carried out in the discussion part of the report.
Learn more: Quantitative Data
- Research Discussion: The results are discussed in extreme detail in this section along with a comparative analysis of reports that could probably exist in the same domain. Any abnormality uncovered during research will be deliberated in the discussion section. While writing research reports, the researcher will have to connect the dots on how the results will be applicable in the real world.
- Research References and Conclusion: Conclude all the research findings along with mentioning each and every author, article or any content piece from where references were taken.
Learn more: Qualitative Observation
15 Tips for Writing Research Reports
Writing research reports in the manner can lead to all the efforts going down the drain. Here are 15 tips for writing impactful research reports:
- Prepare the context before starting to write and start from the basics: This was always taught to us in school – be well-prepared before taking a plunge into new topics. The order of survey questions might not be the ideal or most effective order for writing research reports. The idea is to start with a broader topic and work towards a more specific one and focus on a conclusion or support, which a research should support with the facts. The most difficult thing to do in reporting, without a doubt is to start. Start with the title, the introduction, then document the first discoveries and continue from that. Once the marketers have the information well documented, they can write a general conclusion.
- Keep the target audience in mind while selecting a format that is clear, logical and obvious to them: Will the research reports be presented to decision makers or other researchers? What are the general perceptions around that topic? This requires more care and diligence. A researcher will need a significant amount of information to start writing the research report. Be consistent with the wording, the numbering of the annexes and so on. Follow the approved format of the company for the delivery of research reports and demonstrate the integrity of the project with the objectives of the company.
- Have a clear research objective: A researcher should read the entire proposal again, and make sure that the data they provide contributes to the objectives that were raised from the beginning. Remember that speculations are for conversations, not for research reports, if a researcher speculates, they directly question their own research.
- Establish a working model: Each study must have an internal logic, which will have to be established in the report and in the evidence. The researchers’ worst nightmare is to be required to write research reports and realize that key questions were not included.
Learn more: Quantitative Observation
- Gather all the information about the research topic. Who are the competitors of our customers? Talk to other researchers who have studied the subject of research, know the language of the industry. Misuse of the terms can discourage the readers of research reports from reading further.
- Read aloud while writing. While reading the report, if the researcher hears something inappropriate, for example, if they stumble over the words when reading them, surely the reader will too. If the researcher can’t put an idea in a single sentence, then it is very long and they must change it so that the idea is clear to everyone.
- Check grammar and spelling. Without a doubt, good practices help to understand the report. Use verbs in the present tense. Consider using the present tense, which makes the results sound more immediate. Find new words and other ways of saying things. Have fun with the language whenever possible.
- Discuss only the discoveries that are significant. If some data are not really significant, do not mention them. Remember that not everything is truly important or essential within research reports.
Learn more: Qualitative Data
- Try and stick to the survey questions. For example, do not say that the people surveyed “were worried” about an issue, when there are different degrees of concern.
- The graphs must be clear enough so that they understand themselves. Do not let graphs lead the reader to make mistakes: give them a title, include the indications, the size of the sample, and the correct wording of the question.
- Be clear with messages. A researcher should always write every section of the report with an accuracy of details and language.
- Be creative with titles – Particularly in segmentation studies choose names “that give life to research”. Such names can survive for a long time after the initial investigation.
- Create an effective conclusion: The conclusion in the research reports is the most difficult to write, but it is an incredible opportunity to excel. Make a precise summary. Sometimes it helps to start the conclusion with something specific, then it describes the most important part of the study, and finally, it provides the implications of the conclusions.
- Get a couple more pair of eyes to read the report. Writers have trouble detecting their own mistakes. But they are responsible for what is presented. Ensure it has been approved by colleagues or friends before sending the find draft out.
Learn more: Market Research and Analysis
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-A restatement of the research problem - A summary statement of main findings and their significance. - Shortcomings of the research - Agenda for future research Writing a Research Report: Presentation • Presentation of the text - Wordprocessed - Double spaced - Times Roman or other serif font for easy reading of body text - The particular style you use isn't important as ...
Research report ppt Vikas Dalmia • 194.7k views Research report Vishal Singh • 82.9k views REPORT WRITTING Himanshu Sehrawat • 242.7k views Technical & Research Writing (English) Jamil AlKhatib • 9.7k views Writing Successful Project Proposal Ghulam Qadir • 72.4k views Descriptive Statistics Bhagya Silva • 15.7k views Descriptive statistics
Writing the Research Report The purpose of the written report is to present the results of your research, but more importantly to provide a persuasive argument to readers of what you have found.
Identify and conceptualize the essential steps in the research paper writing process; 2. Access valuable campus resources to help at various stages of the writing process; 3. Use time management strategies to plan for the successful and timely completion of a research paper project. Student Learning Center * Research Paper Writing Process 1.
Ppt on Report Writing Shruti Mishra 271.7k views • 49 slides Research Report Writing Meghana Sudhir 301.2k views • 15 slides Type of Reports sreeremyagm 29.2k views • 14 slides Report writting by Abhishek & seenu Sonu Choudhary 5.5k views • 13 slides Research process aditi garg 812k views • 12 slides Research Report Writing Amity University
Writing a Research Report • A research report has seven components: • Conclusions and Discussion • Discuss the shortcomings of your study and how these might affect your findings. • Discuss things future researchers should investigate about your topic to advance knowledge about it.
How do I write a research paper? Step 1. Choose a Topic Choose a topic which interests and challenges you. Your attitude towards the topic may well determine the amount of effort and enthusiasm you put into your research. Focus on a limited aspect - narrow it down from Religion to World Religion to Buddhism.
Title: Writing a Research Report 1 Writing a Research Report 2 Writing a Research Report. Academicians conduct research to discover facts, truths, and explanations about the world. They write research reports to convey theirs and others research findings. 3 Types of Research - Library research refers to gathering information that others have ...
WRITING RESEARCH REPORT Authors: Syed Muhammad Sajjad Kabir Curtin University Abstract Definition of Research Report; Types of Report; Components of A Research Report; Common Sections...
Writing a Research Report A social science article, paper, or report generally covers only one important topic of interest and conveys evidence and interpretations of evidence. Research reports are NOT creative writing, opinion pieces, poems, novels, letters, musings, memoirs, or interesting to read. 5 Writing a Research Report
Guide to Writing Research Reports. The video presentation for this session outlines the 'traditional' structure of a research report, highlighting the key information that is usually presented in each section. The Resources section includes an outline you can download which sets out the core structure of a research report presented in the ...
Writing research reports can be one of the most difficult tasks researchers have to do. Often it involves long days struggling with tricky concepts, trying to produce a coherent description...
Characteristics of an Effective Research Report An effective research report has—at least—the following four characteristics: • Focus: an effective report emphasizes the important information. • Accuracy: an effective report does not mislead the reader. • Clarity: an effective report does not confuse the reader.
How to Present a Research Paper If your PowerPoint presentation is solid, and you've practiced your presentation, that's half the battle. Follow the basic advice to keep your audience engaged and interested by making eye contact, encouraging questions, and presenting your information with enthusiasm.
Research report communicate the problem, the method, facts, the conclusions and their interrelationships. 2. It serves as a reference material for future use. 3. It reveals the research ability of the researcher. 4. It is useful to policy makers and administrators for taking decisions and policies. 5.
A research report is usually written in the third person. It is informative and based on first-hand verifiable information. It is formally structured with headings, sections, and bullet points. It always includes recommendations for future actions. Types of Research Report
An abstract is a brief summary of a research report. Its purpose is to provide an overview of the main points of the report and to introduce the reader to the problem being investigated. The abstract should be written in clear, concise language and should not exceed 300 words. It should be divided into sections that correspond to the sections ...
Understand the assignment. Choose a research paper topic. Conduct preliminary research. Develop a thesis statement. Create a research paper outline. Write a first draft of the research paper. Write the introduction. Write a compelling body of text. Write the conclusion.
A Research / Report Writing. 1. Dr A K Bhartiya Department of Social Work University of Lucknow Email: [email protected] 2. A research report is a precise presentation of the work done by a researcher while investigating a particular problem and whether the study is conducted by an individual researcher or by an Institution. 3.
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The research approach of the market researcher also influences the style of writing reports. Here are seven main components of a productive research report: Research Report Summary: The entire objective along with the overview of research are to be included in a summary which is a couple of paragraphs in length. All the multiple components of ...