dissociative identity disorder research paper topics

77 DID Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on did, 🎓 most interesting did research titles, 💡 simple did essay ideas, ❓ research questions about dissociative identity disorder.

Dissociative Identity Disorder: Causes and Treatment The cause of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is not fully understood but the reports usually show that it has a connection to some childhood trauma a person experienced.
Diagnosing Dissociative Identity Disorder This research paper aims to investigate Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), focusing on its central concepts and the diagnosis stage.
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Trauma or Fantasy
Connection Between Child Sexual Abuse and Dissociative Identity Disorder
Self-Reported Sleep Disturbances in Patients With Dissociative Identity Disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Dissociating the World: Dissociative Identity Disorder
Mr. Brooks: The Movie on Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder and Psychological Abuse
Living With Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Daydreaming or Lost in Our Own Thoughts
Systemic Case Formulation, Individualized Process Monitoring, and State Dynamics
The Issues and Criticisms Surrounding Multiple Personality Disorder or Dissociative Identity Disorder
The Relationship Between Dissociative Identity Disorder and Suicide
Frontal and Occipital Perfusion Changes in Dissociative Identity Disorder
The Causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder in Humans
Connection Between Dissociative Identity Disorder and Criminal Behavior
Representation of Dissociative Identity Disorder in the Film “Shutter Island”
Application of Memory Malingering Test to Identify Individuals With Dissociative Identity Disorder
Cortical Thickness and Subcortical Volumes in Dissociative Identity and Mood Disorders
Neuropsychiatry of Dissociative Identity Disorder: Why Split Personality Patients Switch Personalities Intermittently
Dissociative Identity Disorder: The Reality of Multiple Personalities
Revisiting False-Positive and Imitated Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder: What You Need To Know
The Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder: Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Diagnosis
How “Moon Knight” Plays Into Hollywood’s Obsession With Dissociative Identity Disorder
Disorganized Attachment and the Orbitofrontal Cortex as the Basis for the Development of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Inter-Identity Autobiographical Amnesia in Patients With Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Pathophysiological Phenomenon
The Correlation Between Stress and the Development of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder Presented in Popular Movies and the Possible Impacts on Public Stereotypes
How Dissociative Identity Disorder Affects Daily Life and How You Can Help
Dissociative Identity Disorder: What It’s Like to Live With Multiple Personalities
What Are the Root Causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Is It a Valid Diagnosis?
Relationship Between Dissociative Identity Disorder and Violent Behaviour
The Unfolding of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Psychobiological Characteristics of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Medicolegal Challenges
4 Signs of Dissociative Identity Disorder
From Split to Psycho: Why Cinema Fails Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder as an Insanity Defense
How DID Patients Reacted to “Moon Knight”
Co-occurrence of Dissociative Identity Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder
Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Patients With Dissociative Identity Disorder
The Validity and Etiology of Dissociative Identity Disorder
The Exploitation of Dissociative Identity Disorder Through the Entertainment Industry
The Effects of Childhood Trauma on Dissociative Identity
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Application of Memory Malingering Test
What Brain Imaging Shows About Dissociative Identity Disorder
The Biggest Risk Factor for Dissociative Identity Disorder
Myths and Media Portrayals of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Are Persons With Dissociative Identity Disorder Responsible for Bad Actions Committed When in an Alter State?
What Percentage of People With Dissociative Identity Disorder Were Abused?
Can Emotional Abuse Cause Dissociative Identity Disorder?
How Does Trauma Affect Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Do People With DID Have Panic Attacks?
What Happens in the Brain of Someone With Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Can a Brain Scan Show Dissociative Identity Disorder?
What Famous Person Has Dissociative Identity Disorder?
How Does Dissociative Identity Disorder Affect Relationships?
What Type of Abuse Is Most Commonly Associated With Dissociative Identity Disorder?
At What Age Do Dissociative Disorders Develop?
What Is the Most Common Alter in DID?
Can a Person With Dissociative Identity Disorder Live a Normal Life?
Are People Born With Dissociative Identity Disorder?
What Serial Killer Had Dissociative Identity Disorder?
How Do Therapists Diagnose DID?
What Is the Best Treatment for Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Do People With DID Have Anxiety?
What Part of the Brain Causes Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Is Dissociative Identity Disorder Brain Damage?
Why Is It Hard to Get Diagnosed With DID?
Is Schizophrenia the Same as DID?
What Are Some Disorders That Might Be Confused With DID?
Do People With DID Have Memory Loss?
What Type of Therapy Is Best for Dissociative Identity Disorder?
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Dissociative Identity Disorder Essays (Examples)

31 results for “Dissociative Identity Disorder” .

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder is also referred to as multiple personality disorder, in which an individual's identity dissociates, or fragments, creating additional identities that exist independently of each other within the individual (Gale 2001). Each personality is specifically distinct from the other, such as tone of voice and mannerisms, vocabulary and posture (Gale 2001). Most people exhibit only one or two personalities, however, there are cases in which an individual will have more than a hundred identities (Gale 2001). hether one or a hundred, the criteria for diagnosis is the same (Gale 2001). Until the publication of DSM-IV, this disorder was referred to as multiple personality disorder, a name abandoned due to psychiatric explicitness, hence, the name should reflect the "dissociative aspect of the disorder" (Gale 2001). The DSM-IV lists four criteria for diagnosing someone with dissociative identity disorder. The first being the presence of two or more distinct 'identities or…

Dissociative identity disorder." Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2nd ed. Gale

Implications of attachment theory and research for developmental-behavioral pediatrics. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics; 10/1/2003; Sroufe, L. Alan

Dissociative experiences and anger proneness in late adolescent females with different attachment styles. Adolescence; 6/22/2003; Pini, Mauro

Dissociative Identity Disorder The most severe and chronic manifestation of dissociative disorders is dissociative identity disorder (DID) and is believed to be extremely rare (eber 1003-1004). Clinical dissociation occurs when disconnections between consciousness, memory, perceptions, and identity form, and with DID, distinct and largely mutually-exclusive personalities develop that alternately cope with different aspects of the host's life. The most prominent diagnostic feature is an inability to recall events an alternate personality experienced. DID personalities therefore tend to live completely different lives, including cognitively. The book "Sybil" was published in 1973 by the professional author Flora Schreiber, in collaboration with the psychiatrist Cornelia ilbur, which described a patient who was alleged to have DID (Lynn and Deming 289). A movie was subsequently made and the combination popularized DID, and this phenomenon is blamed for the dramatic increase in the number of cases from less than 100 to over 40,000 in just…

Lynn, Steven J. And Deming, Amanda. "Review: The "Sybil Tapes": Exposing the Myth of Dissociative Disorder." Theory Psychology 20.2 (2010): 289-292.

Rieber, Robert W., Takooshian, Harold, and Iglesias, Humberto. "The Case of Sybil in the Teaching of Psychology." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 11.4 (2002): 355-360.

Sizemore, Chris C. And Huber, R. John. "The Twenty Two Faces of Eve." Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research & Practice 44.1 (1988): 53-62.

Weber, Scott. "Dissociative Symptom Disorders in Advanced Nursing Practice: Background, Treatment, and Instrumentation to Assess Symptoms." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 28.9 (2007): 997-1018.

Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociation Is

Certain Christian communities offering support of this kind are guided by the Scriptures, specifically Isaiah 61, concerning their possessing of the Spirit of the Lord and being anointed (Grace 2002). One group that provides assistance to persons suffering from DID is called the Christian Survivors Ministries (Grace 2002). It makes available an environment of love and acceptance where the afflicted survivors can and will not be rejected or feel ashamed and where they can feel aware of the value of their lives. It offers hope to those who feel hopeless. It encourages survivors to confront and actively and productively work through their problems. It encourages and enables survivors to allow God to work with them in safe ways to be healed. It encourages survivors to accept and live by the truths about themselves so that they can be set free from the abuses they have been subjected to. Its staff…

Billich, M., et al. (2000). Shared Grace: Therapists and Clergy Working Together. Haworth press, Inc., 2000

Frey, R.J. (1999). Dissociative Disorders. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Gale Research. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g92601/is_0004/ai_2601000438

Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence. (1998). Dissociative Identity Disorder/Multiple Personality Disorder. Gale Research. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2002/is_0002/ai_2602000201

Grace, Susannah. (2002). Dissociative Identity Disorder. Christian Survivors Ministries. http://www.christiansurvivors.com/whatisdid.html

Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Disorders

clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2819.asp?index=9786&src=news.,2002). Dissociative fugue -- In this kind of dissociative disorder, the person is found to have lose his or her sense of personal identity and impulsively wanders or travels away from home for a temporary period of time. People with dissociative fugue often become confused about who they really are and may even create new identities. Outwardly, people with this disorder show no signs of illness, such as a strange appearance or behavior (http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2819.asp?index=9786&src=news,2002). Depersonalization disorder -- This involves a person's sense or feeling that he or she is disconnected or detached from his or her body. T he disorder is sometimes described as being numb or in a dream, or feeling like you are watching yourself from outside the body (http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2819.asp?index=9786&src=news,2002). Dissociative identity disorder (DID) -- This is believed to be the most severe type of dissociative disorder, was formerly called multiple personality disorder. As a coping mechanism, a…

An Overview of Dissociative Disorders." (2002). http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2819.asp?index=9786&src=news

Grohol, John. (2005). "Dissociative identity disorder." Psych Central http://psychcentral.com/psypsych/Dissociative_identity_disorder .

Dorahi, MJ.(2001). "Dissociative identity disorder and memory dysfunction: the current state of experimental research and its future directions." Clin Psychol Rev. (5):771-95.

Dissociative Identity Disorder Did Is the Name

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is the name that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV-Text evision (DSM-IV-T) uses for the disorder previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). Dissociative disorders are a heterogeneous set of disorders described in the DSM-IV-T that all involve some form of identity loss (APA, 2000). The concept of a personality describes, in fairly generalized terms, a sense of integration regarding the way one feels, thinks behaves. Even though a single personality can have many different aspects to it, the concept of personality relates a sense of oneness to the self. DID is a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more totally separate and distinct personalities, each determining the attitudes and behavior of the person at the time that it is dominant. DID is considered one of the more serious of all the psychiatric disorders listed in the…

American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.-text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

Gleaves, DH, May, M.C., & Carden" a, E. (2001). An examination of the diagnostic validity of dissociative identity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 577 -- 608.

Kluft, R.P. (1991). Multiple personality disorder. In A. Tasman & S.M. Goldfinger (Eds.),

Dissociative Effect and the Butterfly Effect

utterfly Effect DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA? Evan Treborn, the main character of the movie, lived a life of severe traumas (ress & Gruber, 2004). These experiences resurface in adulthood in the form of blackouts, especially during times of extreme stress. His early life traumas include being compelled to participate in child pornography by their neighbor George Miller; nearly dying from strangulation by his own institutionalized mentally ill father Jason; his father's getting killed right before him by guards; a mother and her infant daughter dying from the dynamite he and his friends were playing with; and witnessing his dog die by burning by Tommy, son of their neighbor George Miller (ress & Gruber). It was seven years later when he discovered that he could travel into the past and redo parts of it (ress & Gruber, 2004). It turned out that his travels to the past coincide with his blackouts as a…

Bress, E. And Gruber, J.M. (2004). The butterfly effect. New Line Cinema

Granacher, R.P., Jr. (2014). Commentary: dissociative amnesia and the future of forensic psychiatric assessment. Vol. 42, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry

and the Law: American Academy of Psychiatry. Retrieved on September 30, 2014 from http://www.jaapl.org/content/42/2/214/full.pdf+html

Robichaud, G. (2011). Dissociative amnesia in "The Butterfly Effect." AP Psychology.

Conversion Disorders for Whom Are

Cognitive triad (Beck). Negative views of the self, environment, and the future. 14. Seligman's learned helplessness theory. Failure to respond to a threatening situation even if there is an obvious mode of escape due to past experiences of being unable to escape from situations. 15. Difference between bipolar I and bipolar II. Bipolar I consists of periods of mania and depression; bipolar II consists of periods of hypomania and depression. 16. Adjunctive psychotherapy. Psychotherapy in addition to other forms of treatment (here therapy is considered secondary). 17. Know that the chance of recovery for someone receiving effective therapy for depression is about 60%. OK 18. Suicide a. Attempts vs. completions. Males more successful than females due to means (e.g., gun vs. pills). Two groups: Adolescents and Elderly adults are more successful. Depression, substance abuse, and co-morbid psychiatric disorders with depression are also prevelant. b. Do we have a good way…

Jane Appears to Be Suffering From Dissociative

Jane appears to be suffering from dissociative identity disorder based on the first three diagnostic criteria for this condition (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). A person with dissociative identity disorder maintains multiple mutually-exclusive personalities in order to distance themselves from past traumatic events. Her behavior when interacting with the therapist suggests that she experienced at least two distinct personalities (criterion A) that recurrently appeared (criterion B) and had mutually-exclusive psychological experiences (criterion C). Jane's self-reported history of sexual assault and exposure to violence is consistent with this diagnosis, and could be contributing to her depressive symptoms. The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis could in fact be a sign that Jane also suffers from borderline personality disorder, since impulsivity is included as a relevant symptom. ADHD is commonly diagnosed in children and involves severe focusing problems, impulsivity, and an inability to be calm. Borderline personality disorder represents a condition of…

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

International Society for the Study of Dissociation. (2005). Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6, 69-149. Retrieved 13 Dec. 2011 from http://www.isst-d.org/education/treatmentguidelines-index.htm

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2011). Agoraphobia. MayoClinic.com. Retrieved 13 Dec. 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/agoraphobia/DS00894/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2011). Bipolar disorder. MayoClinic.com. Retrieved 13 Dec. 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bipolar-disorder/DS00356/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs

Pharmacological Treatment Multiple Personality or Dissociative Disorder

Pharmacological Treatment Multiple personality or dissociative disorder is an exceptionally uncommon mental disorder in which an individual has two or more different personalities. Each of these personalities has unique characteristics such as mind-set, emotions behavioral patterns. Frequently, the personalities are totally differing and take over the real individual at unusual times. This transition takes place in sudden switches when the patient is triggered by painful events or miserable reminiscences. Each personality is perhaps completely uninformed about the others. However, the person is usually acquainted with the fact that there were mysterious gaps in times he/she remembers ("multiple personality," 2013). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, dissociative disorders are "characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states, each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self, that recurrently take control of the individual's…

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (4th edition, text revision -- DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2000.

Dissociative Disorders: Treatments and Drugs. (2011, March 3). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved August 19, 2013, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dissociative-disorders/DS00574/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs

Kreidler, M.C., Zupancic, M.K., Bell, C., & Longo, M.B. (2000). Trauma and Dissociation: Treatment Perspectives.Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 36(2), 77. Retrieved August 18, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-66107329/trauma-and-dissociation-treatment-perspectives

Multiple personality from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. (2013). Questia. Retrieved August 18, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-multipers/multiple-personality

PTSD Treatment Modalities Evidence-Based Recommendations

Trauma-elated Disorders and ecommended Treatment Clinical Presentation of Trauma-elated Disorders and ecommended Treatments On January 13, 2015, Andrew Brannan, a 66-year-old Vietnam veteran was executed in Georgia for killing police officer Kyle Dinkheller in 1998 (Hoffman, 2015). At the time, Brannan had been living in a bunker on his mother's property without water or electricity and had stopped taking his medications. According to the Veterans Administration (VA), he was 100% disabled due to combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). He also suffered from bipolar disorder, had lost two brothers to a military plane crash and suicide, and lost a father to cancer. Veterans groups, death penalty critics, and mental health advocates, all petitioned the Georgia Supreme Court for a stay of execution unsuccessfully. The veterans groups were particularly interested in preventing the death of yet another veteran who developed severe psychiatric problems while serving his or her country. Trauma in general…

APA (American Psychiatric Association). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

Cook, J.M., Dinnen, S., Simiola, V., Bernardy, N., Rosenheck, R., & Hoff, R. (2014). Residential treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in the Department of Veterans Affairs: A national perspective on perceived effective ingredients. Traumatology, 20(1), 43-9.

Dursa, E.K., Reinhard, M.J., Barth, S.K., & Schneiderman, A.I. (2014). Prevalence of a positive screen for PTSD among OEF/OIF and OEF/OIF-era veterans in a large population-based cohort. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27, 542-549.

Ehring, T., Welboren, R., Morina, N., Wicherts, J.M., Freitag, J., & Emmelkamp, P.M. (2014). Meta-analysis of psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(8), 645-57.

Portraying Serial Killers as Celebrities Heroes and Icons in Modern Media Forms

Analysis of Psycho Alfred Hitchcock directed a movie called Psycho in 1960. The movie is a horror laced with lots of psychological suspense. The movie storyline is developed from Psycho, a novel written by Robert Block and published in 1959. The novel, on its part, drew inspiration from Ed Gein murders. Psycho has been widely regarded as the first-ever slasher film. Although it got mixed reviews at the onset, it is now considered one of the greatest films produced by Hitchcock, and indeed one of the greatest films of all time. Indeed, Antony Perkins, the Ed Gein (Norman Bates), was rated the second-best movie villain of all time by the American Film Institute (Gorshin, 2014). According to common parlance, Norman Bates suffers from Disassociate Identity Disorder ( DID), which was earlier known as multiple personality disorder. This view is interesting in all its weight and breadth. It is also a…

Metropolitan Development Affect Rates of

Contrary to what is often seen on the nightly news programs, there are still many people in this country and throughout the world who want to live in safe places and who would be interested in making their town better. Often, they do not know what they can do to improve the poorer parts of town, so they simply choose not to live or work there. This only leads to the decay of those areas and the rising crime rate. While unfortunate, it is not entirely unexpected. However, urban revitalization has begun in a lot of cities and towns, both big and small, in recent years. Although the economy has slowed some of that, there are still many areas where it is moving forward. This will, in time, lower the number of sexual assaults and other crimes in those revitalization areas. If more people would help to improve their neighborhoods,…

Chu, James A. (1990). Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse, Am. J. Psychiatry.

Coons, P.M. (1994). Confirmation of childhood abuse in childhood and adolescent cases of multiple personality disorder and dissociative disorders not otherwise specified. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 461-464.

Finkelhor, D. (1990). Early and long-term effects of child sexual abuse: An update. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 325-330.

Jarvis, T.J., & Copeland, J. (1997). Child sexual abuse as a predictor of psychiatric co-

PTSD Study Treatment

Dorrepaal, Thomaes, Smit, van Balkom, et al. (2010) address the topic of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD) which often occurs following a history of child abuse. Complex PTSD has associated features in addition to the normal symptoms of PTSD that make it much more difficult to treat. As social workers will most likely encounter clients/patients suffering from PTSD symptoms and patients suffering from child abuse this topic is relevant to social work practice. The researchers are primarily interested in knowing if stabilizing treatment normally used for PTSD and other psychiatric disorders is effective for patients with Complex PTSD, particularly women with PTSD and childhood sexual abuse. The research question is evaluative. Literature eview As this study is in the brief communications section does not contain an in depth literature review. The literature review in this study simply describes the features associated with Complex PTSD and presents the questions of…

Dorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., Smit, J.H., van Balkom, A.J., van Dyck, R., Veltman, D.J., & Draijer, N. (2010). Stabilizing group treatment for complex posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse based on psycho-education and cognitive behavioral therapy: A pilot study. Child abuse & neglect, 34(4), 284-288.

Runyon, R.P., Coleman, K.A., & Pittenger, D.J. (2000). Fundamentals of behavioral statistics

(9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). New York:

Psycho 1960 Film Movie Analysis

Movie Analysis: Psycho (1960 film) The movie's most relevant cast for this discussion includes Norman, Norman's mother (Mrs. Bates), and Marion. After the death of his dad, Norman becomes entirely dependent on the love, attention, and support of his mother. It is for this reason that when she (Norman's mother) takes in a lover, Norman feels as if he is no longer a priority in his mother's life -- he feels as if he has been replaced. Apparently, he can't stand sharing her and as a result of his intense jealousy, he ends up killing not only his mother's lover but also his mother, through poisoning. However, he elects to preserve the corpse instead of having it buried -- in what could be seen as an attempt to perpetuate the illusion that his mother is not dead but is, instead, still alive. As a consequence, he begins to not only…

Hickey, Erick W. Serial Murderers and their Victims. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2013. Print.

Jenkins, Philip. Using Murder: The Social Construction of Serial Homicide. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2009. Print.

Spousal Violence and Abuse Effects on Children

Spousal and Child Abuse Child and spousal abuse is an intentional act that results in physical and/or emotional or psychological injury on a child or spouse (or partner) by a parent or a mate, respectively (Gelles 2004). In a child, abuse more often takes the form of neglect. Child and spousal abuse and violence are major social concerns today. The extent that children are abused by their parents or adult caretakers is difficult to measure, although it appears to occur most frequently among lower-income communities and certain ethnic and religious minorities. Abuse of children ranges from physical and emotional abuse and sexual abuse to physical and emotional neglect (Gelles). Effects of physical abuse are varied and visible: unexplained bruises, fractures and burn marks. Emotional abuse destroys the child's sense of security and self-esteem. Sexual abuse includes all acts that expose them to the sexual satisfaction of the parent or adult…

Boudreau, Diane. Damage: the Health Effects of Abuse. ASU Research: Arizona:

State University, 2002. http://researchmag.asu.edu/stories/abuse.html childabuse.org. Child Abuse and Child Sexual Abuse. For the Love of Our Children, 2002. http://www.fortheloveofourchildren.org/statistics.html childabuse.com. Why Child Abuse Occurs and the Common Criminal Background of the Abuser. Arctic Originals, 2002. http://www.childabuse.com

Gelles, Richard. Child Abuse. MSN Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. http://encarta.msn.com

Hopper, Jim. UChild AbuseU, 2004. http://www.jimhopper.com/abstats

Criminal Justice Forensics Undercover Is a

However, as criminals become more aware of undercover tactics, the covert officer is required to provide more and more proof that he is indeed a criminal- which leads to the officer committing acts that compromise his or her integrity for the sake of maintaining cover. y understanding the often conflicting nature of these goals, deception and integrity, we can see how an undercover officer can become confused, lost, and susceptible to temptation (i.e. criminal behavior). y examining both aspects- environmental factors and personality factors- we take into account both sides of a complex relationship. These two groups of factors, when combined together, shed some light on the exact nature of criminal tendencies amongst police officers. Definition of Terms Covert: another term for undercover, meaning the use of deception for the purpose of gathering information or intelligence. Non-covert: police officers that, even in plain clothes, maintain their own true identity instead…

Choo, A., and Mellors, M. (1995) Undercover Police Operations and What the Suspect Said (Or Didn't Say). Web Journal of Current Legal Issues, Blackstone Press, University of Leicester. Web site: http://wenjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles2/choo2.html

Girodo, M. (1985) Health and Legal Issues in Undercover Narcotics Investigations: Misrepresented Evidence. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 3(3),299-308.

Girodo, M. (1991) Drug Corruption in Undercover Agents: Measuring the Risk. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 9, 361-370.

Girodo, M. (1997) Undercover Agent Assessment Centers: Crafting Vice and Virtue for Impostors. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12(5), 237-260.

Military Retirees Are Entitled to

First of all only a scant few of these Veterans groups will acknowledge the "promise" of free health care; for the most part these groups will tout the benefits already promised by the Veterans Administration and assert that cuts in these benefits are the same a broken promise-or contractual breach in legal terms. The idea of the United States military making a "promise" or forging a legally binding agreement between individual veterans or groups of veterans is barred by the United States Constitution. As will be demonstrated in the Literature eview, specific Constitutional language from Article I give Congress and only Congress the express authority to make laws and regulations pertaining to the armed forces. Therefore, the idea the military breached a contract with service members is, ultimately, inherently inaccurate. Combining the lack of specific language within the materials provided by any governmental agency with the clear language of the…

.... (n.d.). The RETIRED MILITARY ADVOCATE. The RETIRED MILITARY ADVOCATE. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://mrgrg-ms.org/

Best, R. (2003, August 7). Military Medical Care Services: Questions and Answers. Congressional Research Service, 1, 1-17.

Birkey, a. (2010, July 21). Fraudulent vets charity raised big money in Minnesota. The Minnesota Independent, p. 3.

Burrelli, D. (2008, August 12). Military Health Care: The Issue of Promised Benefits. Congressional Research Service, 1, 1-14.

Brother Where Art Thou -

He has never liked this name and becomes very angry when it is used. His specialty is car theft, bootlegging and armed robbery. He has already served several years in prison for auto theft and bank robbery charges. Just last year, while being returned to prison from a bank robbery trial, he escaped. That is why he is here in the South. He is seeing me, because the episodes are becoming more often and more severe. His mother told him that he was always an ill-tempered and spoiled child. Many people say that he is the toughest and most heartless of the gangsters and even other criminals stay away from him. He remembers that even as a young boy he used to have mood swings from being very boisterous and rebellious to sad and even crying, which he had to hide from the gang. Now when he goes into his…

American Psychiatric Association. Bipolar definition. Website retrieved February 8, 2007 http://www.psychiatryonline.com/

Coen, E. And Deakins, R. O Brother Where Art Thou (2000). Comedy/Adventure. Buena Vista Home Entertainment.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

Cognitive and Behavioral Techniques Therapy

Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy Cognitive and behavioral techniques / therapy Cognitive Therapist Behavioral Techniques Case of the Fat Lady Cognitive behaviorist therapy is a blend of two therapies; cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. Cognitive therapy first developed by Aaron Beck in 1960 has its focus on individual beliefs and their influences on actions and moods. Its core aims are to alter an individual mindset to be healthy and adaptive (Beck, 1976; athod, Kingdon, Weiden, & Turkington, 2008). Behavioral therapy focuses on individual aims and actions towards changing patterns in unhealthy behaviors (athod et al., 2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy assists an individual to focus on their current difficulties and relate on how to resolve them. Active involvement of both the therapist and the patient helps in identification of the thinking patterns in distort bringing into foresight a recognizable change in thought and behavior (Leichsenring & Leibing, 2007). Exploring and encouraging discussions…

Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

Burns, Kubilus, Breuhl, Harden, R.N., & Lofland, K. (2003). Do changes in cognitive factors influence outcome following multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain? A cross-lagged panel analysis. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 81-91.

Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2007). Psychodynamic psychotherapy: a systematic review of techniques, indications and empirical evidence. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 80(2), 217-228.

Rathod, S., Kingdon, D., Weiden, P., & Turkington, D. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for medication-resistant schizophrenia: a review. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 14(1), 22-33.

Faludi Violent Effects of Disassociation

What is key about both of these quotations is the loss of identity that is endemic to both of them. The cadets who have survived the fourth-class system and who inflict ritualistic violence in the form of hazing on others have lost something of their true "selves," something that was stripped away to lead them to believe that they could rightfully engage in this sort of behavior to inflict pain upon others. Therefore, the cadets who are guilty of said violence are perpetuating it because they have lost their own identities through disassociation -- in much the same way that Seth lost most of the moments of his life to this same phenomenon. In conclusion, several of Stout's ideas about disassociation both apply to and help explain the tradition of obedience in the violent, misogynistic rituals that take place at the Citadel. The similarities between the effects of disassociation and…

Stigma of Mental Illness

Schizophrenia, Dissociative Disorder and Bipolar Disorder While some symptoms of schizophrenia, dissociative disorder and bipolar disorder might seem similar, prompting individuals to suspect that the three different mental health disorders are interchangeable, the reality is that these three problems are quite distinct. This paper will discuss the broad differences between them as well as way to educate the client about his or her disorder, his or her family about it, and ways to reduce stigma. As the DSM-5 points out, schizophrenia a mental disorder that causes the patient to experience hallucinations, delusions, irrational speech patterns, anti-social behavior, a loss of willpower/motivation, or even a possible catatonic state at times. Symptoms include incoherent speech, paranoia, distorted perceptions, confused or disordered thinking, and an inability to concentrate. This broad spectrum of symptoms should be seen for at least a month, with behavior being monitored for up to six months (American Psychiatric Association,…

Bpd Is Related to Secure

Attachment was believed by owlby to be a critical aspect of the normal development of human behavior. Attachment is inclusive of the following characteristics: 1) Proximity Seeking - the infant seeks to be near the maternal figure; 2) Separation distress or protests - when separated or distant from the material figure the infant becomes distressed and signals this by vocalizing these feelings and changes in affect. 3) a secure base - when the infant develops a healthy attachment, the mother becomes a 'secure base' from which the child can venture forth into the world and securely explore their surroundings. Ainsworth is noted as the first to conduct empirical research assessing patterns of attachment behaviors in infant attachment relating to the mother being under stress. Infant attachment behavior was categorized as: (1) secure; (2) avoidant; and (3) ambivalent. Since then the behavioral patterns of infants has undergone intensive assessment and study…

DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: APA. - (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Aaronson, C.J., Bender, D.S., Skodol, a.E. And Gunderson, J.G. (2006) Comparison of Attachment Styles in Borderline Personality Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Journal Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 77 No. 1 March 2006. Online available at http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/search?query=attachment+theory+and+borderline+personality+disorder&page=3&nt=null&userid=9218600308675950091&encquery=431f3e36d133ebdff7537ee6febc11c6eca098f7674f16b90920f3bd5b092d5ab49460504194f6e58ee065b5a3272811bc442682a5c9c059&ie=UTF-8&invocationType=keyword_rollover&clickstreamid=5154621097040471491 .

Adalist-Estrin, Ann (1993) Moral Development and Attachment: Disruptions that Create Cycles of Criminal Behavior October 10-12. The Fourth North American Conference on the Family & Corrections Family and Corrections Network. Family Pathway Project. Online available at http://www.fcnetwork.org/4thnorth/moral.html

Agrawal, H.R., Gunderson, J., Holmes, B.M. And Lyons-Ruth, K. (2004) Attachment Studies with Borderline Patients: A Review. HARV REV PSYCHIATRY 2004;12:94-104

Compulsive Hoarding Due to Childhood

" (p. 12) According to Cromer (2005) the literature that addresses the relationship between stressful life events and obsessive compulsive disorders does provide some degree of support implicating traumatic life-stress as being a factor in the onset and maintenance of the obsessive compulsive disorders however the exact relationship between the SLE and OCD "remains an empirical questions" specifically relating to "traumatic negative life events" (2005; p.13) Most of studies in this area investigation the association between SLEs and OCD have held limitations of: (1) small sample sizes; and (2) difficulty of establishing retrospectively the temporal relationship between onset and SLEs; and (3) a limited scope with regard to the effect of SLEs on OCD. (2005; p.13) Cromer relates that "mounting evidence suggests that early life-stress, in particular may preferentially incline individuals to develop adult psychiatric disorders." (2005; p.13) McCauley et al. (1997) states evidence from a large epidemiological investigation that…

Beamish, Patricia M. And Hill, Nicole R. (2007) Treatment outcomes for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review.(Private Practices) Journal of Counseling and Development 22 Sept 20077. Online available at http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-170413211.html

Bechtel, Robert B. And Ts'erts'Man, Arzah (2002) Handbook of Environmental Psychology. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

Boston University School of Social Work (2007) Online available at http://www.bu.edu/ssw/training/pep/programs/workshops/boston/index.shtml

Cromer, Kiara R. (2005) a Pathoplastic Vulnerability Mode: An Association Between Traumatic Stressful Life Events & OCD. Florida State University 2005. Online available at http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11/unrestricted/Cromer_Thesis_Nov_2005.pdf

Creative Case Identifying Information Lisa

Lisa finds it hard to meet other kids her age who are like her. Most of her peers "do not care about school" and don't understand anything about the issues she cares about such as environmentalism and Tibet. Lisa worries excessively about external, global events such as global warming and wars in Africa. Many of the people she refers to as "friends" are much older than she is, although she admits most of them are mentors. A person with generalized anxiety disorder finds it difficult to control worry. Lisa has been unable to control her worry successfully via Buddhist meditation or tai chi. She writes regularly in a journal and claims that this does help but not enough. Although she finds temporary relief in music and schoolwork, her feelings of worry and anxiety creep back into her consciousness as soon as she is doing something else. She experiences the most…

Real-Life Case Study the Research Informant Selected

eal-Life case study The research informant selected is a soldier who was deployed in Iraq who is 35 years of age and who was in the army for 15 years. He suffered from drug and alcohol addiction along with post traumatic stress syndrome. At this time he is still battling both of these conditions. When interviewing him, the clear purpose of this project was stated without a doubt, and he was informed of his voluntary participation, along with the fact that he was allowing us to use all the data that he provided. He was reassured of the complete and utter privacy of his responses and how all of his data was going to be kept confidential. For example, he was told that he name was never going to be recorded, none of the researchers would ever have it; instead he was going to be given a number. Furthermore, while…

Berger, K. (2009). Invitation to the Life Span. New York: Psychology Press.

Ptsd.va.gov. (2013). Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Retrieved from Ptsd.va.gov: http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-int/caps.asp

Schmal, C. (2004). Psychophysiological reactivity to traumatic and abandonment. Psychiatry Research, 33-42.

Walker, P. (2013). Managing Abandonment Depression in Complex PTSD. Retrieved from peter-walker.com: http://www.pete-walker.com/managingAbandonDepression.htm

Diagnose or Not to Diagnose

Discuss the criteria used to define abnormality (abnormal behavior / mood disorders) There are no established criteria to define what is abnormal. On the other hand, every individual trait can be said as abnormal on some social plane. (Oracle think quest, 2010) Some of the preferred ideas to define abnormality are as given below: Statistical Norms Deviation: Certain population facts such as height, weight and intelligence are measured and recorded. Most of people come in the middle range of intelligence. Those who fail in general terms and falls below the so-called intelligence scale are termed as abnormal. But then, the people with extra intelligence also become abnormal. Furthermore, intelligence is a subjective issue. (Oracle think quest, 2010) Social Norms Deviation: People going again social norms and trying to make their idiosyncratic identity are also termed as abnormal. Galileo was abnormal and he was brutally punished for his abnormality, he suggested…

Baker, B.L., Blacher, J., & Pfeiffer, S. (1993). "Family involvement in residential treatment of children with psychiatric disorder and mental retardation" Hospital and Community Psychiatry, vol. 44, no. 6, pp: 561-566.

Chan, Jeffery; Hudson, Colin. (2002) "Individuals with Intellectual Disability and Mental Illness:

A Literature Review," Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 37, no. 1, pp: 31-40.

Davidson, P.W., Cain, N.N., Sloane-Reeves, J., Giesow, V.E Quijano, L.E., Van Heyningen, J., & Sholam, I. (1995). "Crisis intervention for community-based individuals with developmental disabilities and behavioral and psychiatric disorders" Mental Retardation, vol. 33, no. 1, pp: 21-30.

Women Who Were Sexually Abused

We are extremely close. Amazing - I've found someone I can really trust. I feel really lucky at the moment because all my other relationships have been *****. Too good. it's really hard to describe. Unreal! I guess I now can't live without him. it's too good. He's grown on me. I think I need to clarify I'm still married. I feel that in a marriage there ought to be a sexual relationship but in the last four years, I have been unable to give that and nor do I desire resuming it with my husband. Fairly close but since I broke up with my husband I find it difficult to trust somebody. He tells me I'm a lot closer to him than I realize. I find it difficult to relax and believe it's too good to be true. I'm always looking for something to be wrong. Excellent. He's very…

Mullen, Paul E. And Fleming, Jillian (1998) Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse. Issues in Child Abuse Prevention. No. 9 Autumn 1998. Online available at http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/issues/issues9/issues9.html

Hughes, Karen et al. (1998) the Health Impacts on Adult Women of Childhood Sexual Violence Before the Age of Twelve Years. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse. A Report on Community Research. Online available at http://www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/report/report.html

Worrell, Judith (nd) Encyclopedia of Women and Gender - Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender. Academic Press. Google Books online available at http://books.google.com/books?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=women+and+childhood+sexual+abuse:+self-esteem,+intimacy,+friendship+in+adulthood&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0#PPP1,M1

Generational Boundary Dissolution Among Adoptive

The research will address the following research questions, in addition to the central hypothesis. How malleable are generational boundaries? In other words, how willing are teens to adapt to new generational boundary styles? Are generational boundaries set during the early childhood years? How frequently do teens assume a parental role in dysfunctional families? What techniques could help tends and their adoptive parents reach a compromise that results in the development of healthy generational boundaries within the new family unit? These research questions, in addition to the research hypothesis will help to contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field of family therapy. Contribution of This esearch This research will play an important role in the field of family therapy. It will be specifically targeted towards helping develop new techniques and methods for helping adoptive families and their teens establish healthy generational boundaries within the new family. This is…

Barber, B. (2001). Intrusive Parenting: How Psychological Control Affects Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Beckett, C., Castle, J., & Groorhues, C., et al. (2008), the experience of adoption (2): association between communicative openness and self-esteem in adoption. British Association for Adoption and Fostering. 32 (1): abstract. Retrieved 15 January 2009 at http://www.baaf.org.uk/res/pubs/aandf/abstracts/08_1.shtml

Benson J. & Fanshel, D. (1970) How They Fared in Adoption: A Follow-Up Study. New York: Columbia University Press: 311-313. Retrieved 15 January 2009 at http://www.uoregon.edu/~adoption/archive/JaffeeHTFA.htm

Berzonsky, M. (2004). Identity Style, Parental Authority and Identity Commitment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 33 (3): 213.

What We Use to Recognize People

FFA & STS COMBINED The concepts and use of the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) in terms of facial recognition and the Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) in terms of voice recognition are not new on their own. However, those individual technologies and concepts have evolved on their own and now they are being analysed in terms of how they are perhaps used concurrently when one person does (or tries) to recognize another person. This report will cover what the FFA and STS are in general, prior ideas, frameworks and outcomes that have informed and influenced current research and what the future holds, at least based on current trends for the use of FFA and STS in combination or on their own. FFA & STS Combined Subject of Discussion There is a great amount of debate with the circles that exist in the neuro-psychological field regarding the direct integration, or lack thereof,…

Belin, P., Bestelmeyer, P., Latinus, M. And Watson, R. (2011). Understanding Voice Perception.

British Journal of Psychology, 102(4), pp.711-725.

Blank, H., Anwander, A. And von Kriegstein, K. (2011). Direct Structural Connections between

Voice- and Face-Recognition Areas. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(36), pp.12906-12915.

How Sexual Child Abuse Can Effect the Child's Psychological Development

Sexual Child Abuse Child sexual abuse involves a broad range of sexual behaviors that take place between a child and an older person. These sexual behaviors are planned to erotically stir the older person, commonly without concern for the consequences, choices, or outcome of the behavior upon the child. efinite conducts that are sexually offensive frequently involve bodily contact, such as in the state of sexual kissing, touching, fondling of genitals, and oral, anal, or vaginal contact. Nevertheless, behaviors might be sexually abusive even if they do not entail contact, such as in the case of genital exposure, verbal force for sex, and sexual abuse for purposes of prostitution or pornography. For efinitions propose four main types of child abuse (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child neglect), but seldom if ever does one form of abuse happen alone. The suggestion in itself is illogical. Physical abuse and sexual…

Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines on Mental Health Effects of Family Violence. American Medical Association Web Site.

McClendon, Patricia D. November (1991). MSSW candidate. Incest/sexual abuse of children. Internet. p.23. Available: http://www.clinicalsocialwork.com/incest.html

National Association of Social Worker News. (1997, February). States eye domestic abuse welfare option. NASW News, Volume 42, #7, pp11.

Psychedelic Therapy Psychedelic or Hallucinogenic

" Long-term use may develop psychoses, like schizophrenia and severe depression. The use of MDMA may produce psychological difficulties, like confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety and paranoia, even weeks after the use of the drug. MSMA develops symptoms, such as muscle tension, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movements, faintness, chills, sweating, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. it, therefore, poses a special risk for those with heart disease. Overuse can lead to death (Kurtzweil). West Africans used ibogaine as a stimulant and aphrodisiac in the early 1900s (Kurtzweil 1995). Native Americans used mescaline from peyote cactus in religious rituals. LSD was first synthesized in 1938. Throughout history, it was considered a source of many types of medications. Its psychedelic effects were first discovered in 1943. Two decades after World War II, LSD was used to determine its effects on patients with schizophrenia and other mental disorders.…

Kotler, Steven. Drugs in Rehab. Psychology Today: Sussex Publishers, Inc., April 2005

Klotter, Jule. End-of-Life and Psychedelic Research. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients: The Townsend Group, July 2005

Kurtzweil, Paula. Medical Possibilities for Psychedelic Drugs. FDA Consumer: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1995

Luke, David P. And Marrios Kottenis. A Preliminary Survey of Paranormal Experiences with Psychoactive Drugs. Journal of Parapsychology: Parapsychology Press, 2005

Dissociative Identity Disorder is also referred to as multiple personality disorder, in which an individual's identity dissociates, or fragments, creating additional identities that exist independently of each other within…

Dissociative Identity Disorder The most severe and chronic manifestation of dissociative disorders is dissociative identity disorder (DID) and is believed to be extremely rare (eber 1003-1004). Clinical dissociation occurs…

Certain Christian communities offering support of this kind are guided by the Scriptures, specifically Isaiah 61, concerning their possessing of the Spirit of the Lord and being anointed (Grace…

clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2819.asp?index=9786&src=news.,2002). Dissociative fugue -- In this kind of dissociative disorder, the person is found to have lose his or her sense of personal identity and impulsively wanders or travels…

Research Paper

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is the name that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV-Text evision (DSM-IV-T) uses for the disorder previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder (American…

utterfly Effect DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA? Evan Treborn, the main character of the movie, lived a life of severe traumas (ress & Gruber, 2004). These experiences resurface in adulthood in the…

Cognitive triad (Beck). Negative views of the self, environment, and the future. 14. Seligman's learned helplessness theory. Failure to respond to a threatening situation even if there is an…

Jane appears to be suffering from dissociative identity disorder based on the first three diagnostic criteria for this condition (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). A person with dissociative identity…

Pharmacological Treatment Multiple personality or dissociative disorder is an exceptionally uncommon mental disorder in which an individual has two or more different personalities. Each of these personalities has unique…

Trauma-elated Disorders and ecommended Treatment Clinical Presentation of Trauma-elated Disorders and ecommended Treatments On January 13, 2015, Andrew Brannan, a 66-year-old Vietnam veteran was executed in Georgia for killing…

Analysis of Psycho Alfred Hitchcock directed a movie called Psycho in 1960. The movie is a horror laced with lots of psychological suspense. The movie storyline is developed from…

Research Proposal

Family and Marriage

Contrary to what is often seen on the nightly news programs, there are still many people in this country and throughout the world who want to live in safe…

Article Critique

Dorrepaal, Thomaes, Smit, van Balkom, et al. (2010) address the topic of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD) which often occurs following a history of child abuse. Complex PTSD…

Criminal Justice

Movie Analysis: Psycho (1960 film) The movie's most relevant cast for this discussion includes Norman, Norman's mother (Mrs. Bates), and Marion. After the death of his dad, Norman becomes…

Spousal and Child Abuse Child and spousal abuse is an intentional act that results in physical and/or emotional or psychological injury on a child or spouse (or partner) by…

However, as criminals become more aware of undercover tactics, the covert officer is required to provide more and more proof that he is indeed a criminal- which leads to…

First of all only a scant few of these Veterans groups will acknowledge the "promise" of free health care; for the most part these groups will tout the benefits…

He has never liked this name and becomes very angry when it is used. His specialty is car theft, bootlegging and armed robbery. He has already served several years…

Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy Cognitive and behavioral techniques / therapy Cognitive Therapist Behavioral Techniques Case of the Fat Lady Cognitive behaviorist therapy is a blend of two therapies; cognitive…

What is key about both of these quotations is the loss of identity that is endemic to both of them. The cadets who have survived the fourth-class system and…

Schizophrenia, Dissociative Disorder and Bipolar Disorder While some symptoms of schizophrenia, dissociative disorder and bipolar disorder might seem similar, prompting individuals to suspect that the three different mental health…

Attachment was believed by owlby to be a critical aspect of the normal development of human behavior. Attachment is inclusive of the following characteristics: 1) Proximity Seeking - the…

" (p. 12) According to Cromer (2005) the literature that addresses the relationship between stressful life events and obsessive compulsive disorders does provide some degree of support implicating traumatic…

Lisa finds it hard to meet other kids her age who are like her. Most of her peers "do not care about school" and don't understand anything about the…

eal-Life case study The research informant selected is a soldier who was deployed in Iraq who is 35 years of age and who was in the army for 15…

Discuss the criteria used to define abnormality (abnormal behavior / mood disorders) There are no established criteria to define what is abnormal. On the other hand, every individual trait…

We are extremely close. Amazing - I've found someone I can really trust. I feel really lucky at the moment because all my other relationships have been *****. Too…

The research will address the following research questions, in addition to the central hypothesis. How malleable are generational boundaries? In other words, how willing are teens to adapt to…

FFA & STS COMBINED The concepts and use of the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) in terms of facial recognition and the Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) in terms of voice…

Sexual Child Abuse Child sexual abuse involves a broad range of sexual behaviors that take place between a child and an older person. These sexual behaviors are planned to…

" Long-term use may develop psychoses, like schizophrenia and severe depression. The use of MDMA may produce psychological difficulties, like confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety and…

Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Psychiatry & Mental Health — Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay Examples

Kevin crumb from the "split" movie: psychology analysis, an argument on dissociative identity disorder (did) as fictitious, an overview of dissociative identity disorder, its types, diagnosis, and treatment, discussion on whether dissociative identity disorder is a valid disorder, dissociative identity disorder and its different causes, the connection between dissociative identity disorder and criminal behavior, research of whether dissociative identity disorder is a real disorder, the ongoing researches of dissociative identity disorder, its symptoms and effects, analysis of the cases of dissociative identity disorder, the issue of identity in a separate peace by john knowles, martin scorsese's film "shutter island": dissociative identity disorder, research report on application of memory malingering test to identify individuals with dissociative identity disorder, feeling stressed about your essay.

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6 Topics on Dissociative Identity Disorder

All too often people diagnosed with a dissociative disorder, especially dissociative identity disorder (DID), face obstacles from clinicians. These barriers include mental health professionals who do not believe that DID exists or if it does it is extremely rare.

This article will examine some topics on commonly asked questions about DID and some of the research that backs them up.

The Definition of Dissociative Identity Disorder

While many who are afflicted with DID are aware of its definition, it is vital to give a complete description of this engaging disorder. The description below is broad and does not encompass every way DID may manifest in an individual.

Dissociative identity disorder is a condition where two or more personality states are present in one person that sometimes take control of the individual living with it. DID is listed in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Dissociative identity disorder has been recognized by the American Psychiatric Association for many years and is therefore a diagnosable disorder.

Dissociative identity disorder was known as multiple personality disorder until 1994 when the name was changed to reflect the realities of the condition. There are not multiple (many) personalities living inside the afflicted person, rather there is one person whose identity is fragmented.

Sometimes the alters in a DID system have distinct histories, lives. The alters may also have individual and self-images, ages, gender identities, and names. Normally there is one alter who fronts and is interrupted by the abrupt presentation of an alter but this is not always the case.

Alter Formation

People sometimes think that alters were formed and thus the personality of someone living with DID has a fragmented self. Actually, this is not the case. In dissociative identity disorder the self is not fragmented, it never integrated in the first place. (van der Hart, et al., 2006)

Children are born with different self-states each doing its own important task such as crying for food or cooing for attention. As the child grows, it uses the fragments of their personality to explore the world around them. With each passing day, under normal circumstances, children will move toward integration of all the parts of themselves.

The milestone of integration of the parts of the child’s personality states happens between the ages of 6-9 years.

However, if the natural flow of the child toward integration is hindered or stopped by severe trauma, the child misses this important milestone in its growth. Thus, the child forms dissociative identity disorder.

Why can’t adults or older children form DID? This may help to answer this question. If a child is deprived of the milestone of learning to speak due to severe isolation away from hearing language spoken, they may learn to approximate normal speech but never speak fluently. So, too is the life of a child who has missed the milestone of integration of the self.

The Mystery and Controversy of Integration

To some in the DID community, saying integration is equivalent to uttering the “F” word, it just is not done in public. However, no one who has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder has not pondered the mystery of what it would be like to pull themselves into one cohesive self.

The controversy comes in when one addresses the idea of integration as such because many do not feel they want to integrate. Some have strong inhibitions because they feel that to integrate would be to kill or belittle their alters. Also, some feel that the alters are separate people and should be allowed to remain separate.

This author strongly disagrees with the above two trains of thought. For one, the alters cannot be destroyed. The only way to kill or murder an alter is to take one’s own life. The alters are you and you are the alters.

Second, I understand how much it feels like the alters are separate people and should be allowed to live their lives without being forced to integrate. However, they are not separate people. No matter what, if you open up your skull you will not see more than one brain and no other people exist within your brain. The alters are parts of you stuck in trauma time who were not capable of integrating in early childhood.

Structural Dissociation Theory

There are only a few theories that explain what dissociative identity disorder is and how it forms. Structural dissociation theory is the best and most important of these.

Structural dissociation theory is perhaps one of the best descriptions yet of what alters are and how they form. In this theory asserts that no one is born with an integrated personality but coalesces into one personality as they integrate all the parts of themselves (as stated above).

The theory goes on to state that a severe trauma causes the main personality, known as the apparently normal part (waking self), to remain separated from emotional parts in what is known as primary structural dissociation. When the trauma is repeated multiple emotional parts form and remain separate from the main personality it is known as secondary structural dissociation.

Both primary and secondary dissociation are seen in people who form the devastating diagnosis of borderline personality disorder.

The theory goes on to state that there are is not only more than one emotional part with one apparently normal part, but rather, there are multiples of each part present in one person. This is tertiary structural dissociation aka dissociative identity disorder.

The Prevalence of Dissociative Identity Disorder

There are those who claim that dissociative identity disorder is quite rare. They also state that not a significant number of people have been proven to have it to warrant research about DID.

But, research conducted by Foote et al, in 2006 dares to differ. These researchers interviewed 82 patients who had were nearly the same in demographic measures

In the study, 82 patients of an outpatient clinic were randomly interviewed that did not differ significantly on any demographic measure or on the self-report measures of trauma and dissociation. Out of the 82 interviewed, 24 (29%) received a diagnosis of a dissociative disorder with 5 (6) of them receiving the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder.

These findings are not insignificant nor are they alone.

The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) in their guidelines for treatment stated that DID and dissociative disorders are not rare. In fact, 1%-3% of the general population of the world have dissociative identity disorder (Johnson et. al, 2006)(Sar & Dugan, 2007).

There are currently 7.8 billion people on planet earth as of 2020. One to three percent of that number is an enormous amount of people living with dissociative identity disorder.

Exciting New Research on Diagnosing Dissociative Identity Disorder

We live in a tremendously exciting time for the diagnosis of mental health challenges. The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machines has caused a revolution in the diagnosis of many disorders, including DID.

Research conducted by Reinders et. al, in 2019, found that by using fMRI imaging they could see biological markers that discriminated between people who had DID from healthy controls.

To do this they recruited 75 participants including 32 people with dissociative identity disorder and 43 healthy controls without DID. The researchers were able with an accuracy of 74% tell which people in their study had DID on the basis of their brain structure proving there is a biological basis to determine if someone actually had DID.

If this study is replicated, it will be an enormous step forward in the diagnosis of DID and perhaps end the endless string of misdiagnoses people with DID receive.

I hope that writing about some of the topics about DID has helped in the furtherance of people understanding more about the disorder.

There is no reason that people living with dissociative identity disorder cannot move on to live productive lives. Once treatment is initiated, it is only a matter of time before healing begins and it is my firm belief that integration begins the moment you step through a therapist’s office.

Dissociative identity disorder remains controversial, but research is beginning to break down the barriers that some clinicians have hidden behind for years.

“You may not control all the events that happen to you, but you can decide not to be reduced by them.” ~ Maya Angelou

Foote, B., Smolin, Y., Kaplan, M., Legatt, M. E., & Lipschitz, D. (2006). Prevalence of dissociative disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 623-629.

Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2006). Dissociative disorders among adults in the community, impaired functioning, and axis I and II comorbidity. Journal of psychiatric research, 40(2), 131-140.

Şar, V., Akyüz, G., & Doğan, O. (2007). Prevalence of dissociative disorders among women in the general population. Psychiatry Research, 149(1-3), 169-176.

Reinders, A. A., Marquand, A. F., Schlumpf, Y. R., Chalavi, S., Vissia, E. M., Nijenhuis, E. R., … & Veltman, D. J. (2019). Aiding the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder: pattern recognition study of brain biomarkers. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 215(3), 536-544.

Van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. WW Norton & Company.

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The Effects Of Childhood Trauma On Dissociative Identity

A causal analysis of dissociative identity disorder in humans, dissociative identity personality alters & counseling treatments, dissociative identity disorder: is it a valid diagnosis, dissociative identity disorder and criminal behavior.

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Childhood Trauma Of Dissociative Identity Disorder: Analyzing The Condition Of Kevin Wendell Crumb

Methods of treatment the dissociative identity disorder, history of multiple personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder: application of memory malingering test, a study of multiple personality disorder: dissociative identity disorder as seen in the work of martin scorsese, description of multiple personality disorder in media: schreiber's sybil and split, sybil: sensational book that discovered dissociative identity disorder, top similar topics.

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The Many Faces of Dissociation: Opportunities for Innovative Research in Psychiatry

Department of Psychiatry, V.K.V. American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

It has been claimed that the progress of psychiatry has lagged behind that of other medical disciplines over the last few decades. This may suggest the need for innovative thinking and research in psychiatry, which should consider neglected areas as topics of interest in light of the potential progress which might be made in this regard. This review is concerned with one such field of psychiatry: dissociation and dissociative disorders. Dissociation is the ultimate form of human response to chronic developmental stress, because patients with dissociative disorders report the highest frequency of childhood abuse and/or neglect among all psychiatric disorders. The cardinal feature of dissociation is a disruption in one or more mental functions. Dissociative amnesia, depersonalization, derealization, identity confusion, and identity alterations are core phenomena of dissociative psychopathology which constitute a single dimension characterized by a spectrum of severity. While dissociative identity disorder (DID) is the most pervasive condition of all dissociative disorders, partial representations of this spectrum may be diagnosed as dissociative amnesia (with or without fugue), depersonalization disorder, and other specified dissociative disorders such as subthreshold DID, dissociative trance disorder, acute dissociative disorders, and identity disturbances due to exposure to oppression. In addition to constituting disorders in their own right, dissociation may accompany almost every psychiatric disorder and operate as a confounding factor in general psychiatry, including neurobiological and psycho-pharmacological research. While an anti- dissociative drug does not yet exist, appropriate psychotherapy leads to considerable improvement for many patients with dissociative disorders.

INTRODUCTION

There are claims that psychiatry has made insufficient progress comparative to that of other medical specialties which have benefited from developments in science and technology throughout the last few decades in particular. This may suggest the need for innovative thinking and research in psychiatry, which should consider neglected areas as topics of interest in light of the potential progress which might be made in this regard. This review is concerned with one such field of psychiatry: dissociation and dissociative disorders. Dissociation is the ultimate form of human response to chronic developmental stress, because patients with dissociative disorders report the highest frequency of childhood abuse and/or neglect among all psychiatric disorders.

Since the second half of the 20th century, psychiatry has been moving toward an atheoretical paradigm which is now questioned by proponents of a neurodevelopmentally oriented psychiatry. This atheoretical approach has influenced the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) of the American Pychiatric Association 1) as well as its updated versions. While the overall perspective and preferred strategies clearly influence the development of a discipline, it may be premature to claim a negative balance in pros and cons of the atheoretical understanding of diagnosis and classification in psychiatry. For example, the contemporary period is seeing a revival of interest in psychotraumatology and dissociative disorders which remained suppressed from scientific consciousness throughout the earlier part of the 20th century.

While European psychiatry has an impressive history of psychotraumatology in the 19th century, North America has been the origin of both this revival and the painful backlash movement of the 1990s which resisted this growing scientific and social awareness. 2) The latter is now counterbalanced by growing international research on epidemiological, descriptive and clinical aspects of the subject. 3) While this revival of interest has led to firm establishment of a new science of psychotraumatology and dissociative disorders, studies in this field still remain marginal in number despite their highly creative and promising nature. 4)

Trauma and dissociation are phenomena at the crossroads of neurobiology and psychology; individual and society; psycho-pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. The neurobiology of trauma and dissociative disorders is one of several areas of potential research interest in psychotraumatology. In contrast to several other psychiatric disorders, there is as yet no specific drug treatment for post-traumatic and dissociative disorders. This is a unique spectrum of conditions which presents challenges to mental health delivery systems, and to psychiatry and medicine in particular.

In addition to constituting disorders in their own right, dissociation may accompany almost every psychiatric disorder and may influence their phenomenology as well as response to treatment . 5) This phenomenon leads to a unique challenge as a confounding factor in psychiatric research. At the same time, and subject to this factor being taken into account, the same phenomenon may pave the way for a new evidence base. This is particularly important for treatment studies based on psychotherapy or drug treatment. As considered with respect to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in DSM-5, dissociative subtypes of major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenic and depressive disorders would provide excellent models for future research. 6 , 7 , 8)

One particular challenge for clinicians and researchers is the fragmentary nature of dissociation and dissociative disorders. 9) This interferes with proper diagnosis and assessment of them in general psychiatry. This paper addresses this very subject of "many faces of dissociation". The most pervasive dissociative condition, i.e., dissociative identity disorder (DID), is taken as the pivot of this spectrum which covers all dissociative phenomena. Its subthreshold form (type I of other specified dissociative disorders in DSM-5) also belongs to the spectrum targeted in this paper because it differs from DID in severity only.

WHAT IS DISSOCIATION?

The central feature of dissociation is disruption to one or more mental functions. 6) Such disruption may affect not only consciousness, memory, and/or identity, but also thinking, emotions, sensorimotor functioning, and/or behavior. Five phenomena constitute the primary clinical components of dissociative psychopathology: amnesia, depersonalisation, derealisation, identity confusion, and identity alteration . They are usually accompanied by secondary symptoms of dissociation which may have positive (e.g., hallucinations, Schneiderian experiences) or negative (e.g., somatosensory deficits) character.

All dissociative disorders are either complete or partial representations of a single dimension of dissociation. DID is the most pervasive form among them, covering all spectrum of dissociative symptoms. Partial conditions are dissociative amnesia (may or may not be accompanied by fugue), depersonalisation disorder , and other specified dissociative disorders . The latter section covers categories such as "subthreshold" DID, identity disorders in response to oppressive procedures, acute dissociative disorders, and dissociative trance disorder which are at least as prevalent as the specific dissociative disorders. 10)

PSYCHOLOGICAL AETIOLOGY

There is a close relationship between PTSD and DID, because identity alterations may be considered as an elaborated version of trauma-related mental intrusions and avoidance . In DID, traumatic memories are decontextualized 11) and processed to retain internal and external balance, which leads to formation of alter personality states each with a sense self and agency, personal history, and a mission. 12) This elaboration is based on trauma-related cognitions, compensatory structures, and emotions assigned to these structures or distinct personality states. Also included is possible striving for a mental status sufficient to maintain daily life in a somewhat coherent manner, despite the presence of intrapsychic conflicts which easily lead to crisis states and temporary loss of control.

While PTSD may be related to a single traumatic experience of either childhood or adulthood, DID usually relates to chronic developmental traumatization in childhood (<10 years of age). 13) Ninety percent of all patients with DID report at least one form of childhood abuse and/or neglect (i.e., incest and other types of sexual abuse, physical and emotional abuse, physical and emotional neglect). 14) Some of the patients have amnesia for a period of childhood, which may lead to underreporting. There are also "apparently normal" families with covert dysfunctionality (e.g., pseudomutuality, double-bind, marital schism, insecure attachment, high expressed emotion and other types of affect dysregulation). 15) Dissociative disorders can be conceptualized as a syndrome oriented at self-protection in response to threat, in contrast to self-regulation which is the primary modus of functioning if living in a safe environment. 16) Hence, dissociation is part of all trauma-related conditions. 17)

CLINICAL APPEARANCES OF DISSOCIATION

Unlike other psychiatric disorders such as depression or schizophrenia, dissociative disorders are not conceived as a unitary phenomenon in the community. Although laymen are familiar with various types of dissociation (e.g., estrangement, trance states, multiple personalities, experience of possession), it is almost impossible for the suffering individual to recognize all these phenomena as having a common ground . Hence, most patients with a dissociative disorder claim only a subgroup of their symptoms which predominate their current status. Somewhat surprisingly, many clinicians are also unable to diagnose dissociative disorders, due to omission of this knowledge in general psychiatric training. Dissociation may manifest in both chronic and acute conditions. It is necessary to be aware; however, that any seemingly acute condition may be superimposed on a chronic one . In fact, chronic dissociative conditions may have a fluctuating course over years.

Dissociative depression: Most patients suffering from chronic dissociation report chronic depression leading to double depression; i.e., disthymic disorder with repetitive major depressive episodes. The latter usually marks periods of crisis triggered by internal or external stressors throughout the life course of the dissociative patient. In contrast to a primary depressive disorder, this condition is usually "treatment resistant" (i.e., it does not respond to antidepressant pharmacotherapy while the depressive symptoms disappear instantly upon integration in psychotherapy). Sar 8) has proposed the term "dissociative depression" to describe this different pathogenesis, course, and treatment response than that for the primary depressive disorder.

Trauma-related dissociative depression tends to have earlier age of onset than primary depression. 18 , 19) Many dissociative patients report onset of their depressive mood and even suicidal tendencies early in childhood. Women with dissociative depression report cognitive symptoms (such as thoughts of worthlessness and guilt and diminished concentration and indecisiveness), suicidal ideas and attempts, experiences of possession, and appetite and weight changes more frequently than do those with a primary depression. 18) In a study on a group of women with fibromyalgia or rheumatoid arthritis, there was a relationship between dissociative depression and post-traumatic anger. 20) In an epidemiological study on a female population, those with dissociative depression reported childhood sexual abuse and neglect more frequently than the remaining participants. 18)

Affect dysregulation: Trauma-related affect dysregulation and/or switching between alter personalities with distinct mood states may resemble cyclothymia or bipolar (II) mood disorder. 21 , 22) This can be differentiated from bipolar mood disorder by the abrupt nature of mood changes, which can happen several times in a day and may last very briefly (even minutes). Unlike those with a bipolar mood disorder, these patients perceive their distinct mood states as estranged; i.e., their sense of self and agency is affected by the changes into distinct personality states. Many patients with dissociative disorders are erroneously diagnosed as having bipolar mood disorder or cyclothymic disorder due to the mood fluctuations related to post-traumatic affect dysregulation. In fact, these alterations do not respond to mood stabilizers but may recover in integrative psychotherapy.

"Borderline personality" features: Many patients with a chronic dissociative disorder resemble borderline personality disorder (BPD) at the surface. Among subjects who fit the DSM-IV BPD criteria, 64.0-72.5% have a DSM-IV dissociative disorder in a descriptive evaluation. 23 , 24) This observation says little about the true nature of this phenomenological overlap (i.e., whether these subjects have BPD or dissociative disorder or both). In fact, DSM-IV BPD criteria describe interpersonal aspects of dissociation, and successfully catch many subjects who have dissociative disorder. 25) Hence, the DSM-IV criteria are insufficient to make a personality disorder diagnosis as they do not exclude a chronic dissociative disorder. In fact, making any diagnosis of personality disorder in a patient with a chronic dissociative disorder such as DID is contentious.

Experiences of possession: Being under the control or influence of an external entity is the core feature of an experience of possession. Unlike a distinct personality state, such an entity is perceived to have an origin in the external world and can also possess other individuals. There is a significant relationship between possession, childhood psychological trauma, dissociation, and paranormal experiences in the community. 26 , 27) Although certain types possession phenomena may be normative in a community, they are not limited to "exotic" cultures. 28) As stated in the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, the distinct personality states in DID may be perceived as an experience of possession in certain cultures. 6) As possession phenomena are also associated with traumatic experiences in adulthood, they may be part of the dissociative subtype of PTSD 27) which is described in DSM-5 as characterized by depersonalization and derealization in addition to the symptoms of PTSD. 6)

Functional neurological (conversion) symptoms: In the general community, 26.5% of women who report having experienced at least one conversion symptom in their life have a dissociative disorder as well. 29) This figure is between 30.1-50.0% among psychiatric inpatients of both genders. 30 , 31) When accompanied by a dissociative disorder, patients with a conversion symptom have more psychiatric comorbidity, childhood trauma history, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury. 30) Functional somatic symptoms distinguish dissociative disorders from other psychiatric disorders. 32) With their acute and seemingly life-threatening nature, conversion symptoms mark an acute crisis period superimposed on the chronic course of dissociative disorder in these patients. The predominance of somatic symptoms such as non-epileptic seizure constitutes a medical emergency. This necessarily leads to admission in neurological or emergency departments (rather than in psychiatric units) which may contribute to delayed awareness of the broader spectrum of dissociative symptomatology unless a consultation and follow-up is considered in this direction.

Acute dissociative disorders (with ot without psychotic features): Dissociative conditions may constitute acute and transient response to stressful life events as well as interpersonal problems. Such reactions may be as mild as a transient state of stupor; however, they may reach the severity of an acute psychosis. In Latin culture, such a mild and acute dissociative disorder is known as "ataque de nervios". 33 , 34) Palpitations, fainting, shaking, and depersonalization are common during these episodes which may also be associated with a conversion symptom such as non-epileptic seizure. On the other hand, an acute dissociative disorder with psychotic features resembles a delirium, mania or schizophrenic disorder. 35 , 36) Both mild and severe types of acute dissociative disorders may represent a crisis condition superimposed on an underlying chronic dissociative disorder such as DID. Dissociative crises of patients with DID consist of trauma-related flashback experiences, non-suicidal self-injury, "revolving door crisis" of the alter personalities competing for control, and/or amnesia. 35 , 36 , 37) Hence, emergency psychiatric wards are one of the settings with high prevalence of dissociative disorders. 10 , 38) A similarly high prevalence has been recorded among adolescent psychiatric outpatients who constitute the age group most prone to dissociation and identity fragmentation. 39) These acute crises may serve as a "diagnostic window" for patients who have DID who may have only subtle symptoms between these acute decompensation periods.

Repetitive suicide attempts and/or non-suicidal self-injury: Several studies have shown a relationship between childhood trauma, suicidality, and non-suicidal self injury. 40 , 41) The majority of patients with DID has suicidal ideas; suicide attempts are not rare. The prevalence of completed suicide is around 1-2%. 42) Some patients call for help just before or after an attempt, because some of the alter personality states (e.g., child personality) may resist such an action. Alternatively, one alter personality may insist on an "internal homicide" which may end in a completed suicide occasionally. Many patients with DID inflict self-injuries, mostly during a dissociative crisis. The patient may suffer from depersonalization during the crisis episode or remain amnesic to it.

Dissociative amnesia with fugue: Most cases involving dissociative fugue have an underlying chronic dissociative disorder such as DID. Thus, only a minority of fugue cases get a solitary diagnosis of dissociative fugue. 43) Fot others, dissociative fugue may be a "diagnostic window" for DID.

Schizo-dissociative disorder: Ross 7) proposed a dissociative subtype of schizophrenia which has been demonstrated by subsequent studies as well. 44) These patients have symptoms of DID and schizophrenia concurrently. 44) They also report childhood traumas, BPD criteria and general psychiatric comorbidity more frequently than patients with non-dissociative schizophrenia. Interestingly, two types of dissociative schizophrenia may be identified which differ in their childhood trauma histories. The two subgroups did not differ in emotional neglect reports. However, while those who predominantly had a childhood emotional abuse history tended to have more symptoms of DID and more positive symptoms of schizophrenia than the remaining patients, the subgroup with highest childhood sexual and physical abuse and physical neglect scores tended to have more general psychiatric comorbidity, BPD criteria,and somatic complaints. 44) First of all, the overlap between schizophrenia and DID is important for differential diagnosis. It also inspires future studies on schizophrenia in the context of neurobiology, drug treatment, and psychotherapy. Although not yet confirmed by any empirical research study, these patients seem to respond to anti-psychotic drug treatment and psychotherapeutic interventions less positively than expected. As such, they constitute a challenge to general psychiatry as well as an important research target.

Substance abuse: Dissociatiative disorders were seen in 17.2 % of a large inpatient group seeking treatment for substance abuse. 45) Patients with a dissociative disorder utilize more substances in a number of types, drop out from treatment more frequently, have shorter remission duration, and tend to be younger. Dissociative symptoms started before substance use in the majority of cases (64.9%) and usually in adolescence. Suicide attempts, childhood emotional abuse, and female gender predict dissociative disorder among substance users. The prevalence of dissociative disorders increased to 26.0% when probands with only alcohol dependency were excluded. 46) These findings are alarming, because they demonstrate the importance of recognition of dissociative disorders for prevention and succesful treatment of substance dependency among adolescents and young adults.

Other: In addition to non-specific forms of headache usually triggered by personality switchings, many patients with dissociative disorder suffer from genuine migrain. Both child and adult forms of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may resemble a dissociative disorder and comorbidity is possible. 39) Among adolescents in particular, motor uneasiness and affect dysregulation due to dissociative disorder may resemble ADHD. Some dissociative patients have comorbid obsessive compulsive disorder. According to one study, 15.8% of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) had DES scores of 30.0 or above. 47) Significant positive correlations were found between DES scores and emotional, sexual, physical abuse and physical neglect scores. Among children, instructions of a persecutory alter personality may resemble an OCD at the surface unless the patient is able to report the connection to dissociative symptoms. Among patients with DID, personality switching (e.g., to child or opposite-gender personalities) or flashback experiences may occur during a sexual relationship, e.g., such a condition may mimic vaginismus. 48)

NEUROBIOLOGICAL AETIOLOGY

Imaging and neurophysiological studies have shown discrete areas of interest in understanding DID. 49) However, the changes in these areas may occur in connection to each other. For example, bilaterally increased perfusion in medial and superior frontal regions and occipital areas were accompanied by orbito-(inferior) frontal hypoperfusion in one such study. 50) Studies using other modalities of neurobiological assessment are rather scarce. 51) Those combining diverse types of assessment including cognitive variables remain an important task and opportunity for the future. 49) Overall, trait measures of dissociation (patterns enduring throughout "switching" between personality states) should be handled separately from state measures (those representing the switching process itself as well as the differences between personality states).

However, trait findings cannot be considered as specific to dissociation unless comparison groups composed not only of healthy individuals and simulators but also those with other psychiatric disorders are utilized because dissociative patients usually suffer from diverse syndromes such as anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive phenomena, and PTSD concurrently. 52) Such findings may be helpful in differentiation of genuine cases from simulation (which is also important in forensic evaluations). On the other hand, a follow-up study using the same methodology on patients before and after psychotherapeutic treatment would be of great interest to demonstrate eventual neurobiological effects of psychotherapy.

Trait measures

One of the most specific hypotheses about the neurobiology of DID has been devoted to hypofunction of the orbitofrontal region in the brain. 53) The orbitofrontal lobe has been proposed to be affected by developmental trauma in early life. 54) Consistent with this hypothesis, DID patients exhibited bilateral orbitofrontal hypoperfusion in comparison with normal controls in two single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) studies conducted when the patients were in their "host" identities. 50 , 55) Multiple scannings in a subgroup of these individuals when they were controlled by an alternate personality state did not reveal any differences. Hence, orbitofrontal hypofunction seems to be a trait measure. 55)

Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) provided data about cortico-limbic region 49) which was originally formulated in studies on PTSD. 56) In a structural MRI study, DID patients had smaller hippocampi and amygdalae than normal controls. 57) In accordance with this, another study on individuals with DID found reduced volumes in the parahippocampal gyrus and strong correlations between reduction of parahippocampal volume and severity of dissociation. 58)

DID can be differentiated from temporal lobe epilepsy by structured psychiatric interviews. 59) However, the temporal region of the brain has traditionally been associated with experiences of depersonalization and derealization, as well as with fugue states and automatisms seen in psycho-motor epilepsy. 60) Thus, while DID cannot simply be considered as a type of temporal lobe epilepsy, studies of this region may lead to important informations about dissociative phenomena. Nevertheless, electroencephalography (EEG), quantitative EEG (QEEG), and SPECT studies provide data about temporal region in DID. 49) In one SPECT study on 15 patients with DID, the "host" identity showed increased perfusion in the left (dominant hemisphere) lateral temporal region compared to healthy controls. 55) However, this lateralisation was not replicated in a follow-up study. 50) A single-case SPECT study 61) demonstrated increased activation in the left temporal lobe in four assessed identities of a DID patient.

"Switching" and inter-identity changes

In a QEEG study, 62) there were differences between identity states on beta activity in the frontal and temporal regions. In a patient with DID, increased frontal QEEG delta activity has been reported in a hypnotically-induced personality state. 63) A QEEG study 64) on a patient with DID demonstrated left temporal and posterior-temporal-occipital changes in the theta and beta-2 frequencies in four of 11 personality states. One study 65) demonstrated that the average alpha coherence on QEEG was lower for alter personality states than for host personality state in five DID patients in temporal, frontal, parietal and central regions.

Unlike in a preliminary study using SPECT, 55) in those using PET and fMRI, significant differences have been found between different personality states in DID patients 66 , 67 , 68) and perfusion before and during switching between personality states in a patient. 69) In the PET studies, when compared to an "apparently normal" personality state, an "emotional" personality state showed increased cerebral blood flow in the amygdala, insular cortex, and somatosensory areas in the parietal cortex and the basal ganglia, as well as in the occipital and frontal regions, and anterior cingulate. 66 , 67) In a subsequent PET study, healthy controls simulating distinct personality states were unable to reproduce the same network patterns as the DID patients. 70)

In a single case fMRI study 69) bilateral hippocampal inhibition, right parahippocampal and medial temporal inhibition, and inhibition in small regions of the substantia nigra and globus pallidus were seen during the switching to another personality state, as well as right hippocampal activation when the participant was returning to the original identity. Further fMRI studies 71 , 72) demonstrate activation of the primary sensory and motor cortices, frontal and prefrontal regions, and nucleus accumbens during switching.

Electrophysiological differences between personality states have also been found in a DID patient, who after 15 years of diagnosed cortical blindness, gradually regained sight during psychotherapeutic treatment. 73) Absent visual evoked potentials (VEP) in the blind personality state in contrast to the normal VEP in the seeing personality state were demonstrated in this study. The authors proposed a top-down modulation of activity in the primary visual pathway, possibly at the level of the thalamus or the primary visual cortex.

Dissociation and dissociative disorders can be treated succesfully because they originate from a mechanism which is not pathological per se . Hence, dissociation and dissociative disorders are reversible subject to appropriate treatment. Dissociative patients who are not treated appropriately become highly complicated, manifesting one of the most difficult-to-treat psychiatric conditions. 74) Unaware of the true nature of their suffering, many patients try to "repair" themselves while struggling with their dissociative experiences beginning from their childhood on. However, without appropriate intervention, this usually leads to further complexity over years. Untreated cases do not integrate spontaneously. 75 , 76) Dissociative disorders render the subject vulnerable to abuse. It is a tragical example that many patients abused by therapists sexually have a dissociative disorder which leaves them unprotected. This situation of revictimization has been called "sitting duck syndrome". 77)

The classical treatment approach - phase-oriented trauma therapy - is described in the most recently updated version of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) Treatment Guidelines. 78) Basically, this approach consists of three phases: stabilization , trauma-work , and integration . Unlike in PTSD (and in addition to the relatively direct trauma-resolution) psychotherapy for DID requires consideration of solutions for the complex system of alter personality states to make their existence unnecessary. This means addressing intrapsychic conflicts, defences, trauma-related cognitive distortions, compensations, scenarios, and distorted or deficient memories which contribute to the persistence of alter personality structures. Relational aspects of treatment are also important. Maintenance of a therapeutic alliance is particularly important, and is shown to be a significant predictor for positive development 79) among various types of intervention. 80) This may be especially valid for cultures which emphasize an interpersonal understanding of self, and may even influence the development of positive relationships and empathy between alter personality states which operate like an internal family system. 81)

There is no specific drug treatment for dissociative disorders. However, pharmacotherapy is often used in an attempt to alleviate comorbidity and distressing symptoms. This aspect of drug treatment should be explained to the patient early in treatment. The search for pharmacological agents with specifically "anti-dissociative" properties remains a task for the future. While this suggestion may seem implausible for an environment-related disorder which is sensitive to psychotherapy, future work and findings may also reveal it to be applicable.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank to Pam Stavropoulos, PhD for her help in editing this manuscript.

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay

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Dissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) is thought to be a complex mental condition that is likely brought on by numerous variables, including serious injury amid early adolescence generally compelling, repetitive physical, sexual, or psychological mistreatment. The greater part of us have encountered mild dissociation, which resemble wandering off in fantasy land or losing all sense of direction at the time while taking a shot at an undertaking. In any

Dissociative Identity Disorder Analysis

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is the “severe condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—and alternately take control of—an individual” (psychologytoday,2018,1). Dissociative Identity Disorder was first diagnosed in the late 1800s by Doctor Jean-Martin Charcot. This disorder affects about 1 percent of the United States population. This disorder is more common in females than it is in males. For example, Britney Spears has suffered from Dissociative

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

that made my whole body throb. I could do nothing except lie in a blacked-out room waiting for the voices to get infected by the pains in my head and clear off” (Jamieson). Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a condition where an individual's identity is divided into two or more distinct personalities. Sufferers of this disorder are victims of severe childhood trauma. Patients diagnosed with DID shift into an alternative personality, known as an alter, to escape and protect themselves from anything

The historical knowledge of dissociative identity disorder is that it is one of the most challenging mental disorders to diagnose and treat. It has also been the subject of many controversies in the field. Dissociative identity disorder was first diagnosed in the 1700. It was misunderstood for demonic possession. Around 1880, it was a belief that everyone had a background consciousness that was greater than the consciousness responsible for our primary personality. Mental illness occurred when this

Dissociative Identity Disorder Papers

mental disorder that even your doctor refused to believe was real. For those living with Dissociative Identity Disorder, this is an unfortunate reality for far too many. Within the population, 1%-3% meet the criteria for DID, making the disease as common as other more familiar disorders like Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder (Gray). If the latter are easily identifiable, then why are both the public and certain mental health professionals reluctant to accept DID? Dissociative Identity Disorder is an

Dissociative identity disorder is a rare mental disorder that is characterized by an individual possessing two or more states of personality. This form of identity disorder is commonly caused by childhood traumas that fall under extreme, repetitive physical, sexual, or emotional abuse (American Psychiatric Association). A famous case of dissociative identity disorder followed the case of Shirley “Sybil” Mason, who was believed to suffer from female hysteria — an outdated medical diagnosis that was

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Most Interesting DID Research Titles · Dissociative Identity Disorder: Trauma or Fantasy · Connection Between Child Sexual Abuse and
dissociative identity disorder: Topics by Science.gov
Recent research has also pointed out that schizophrenia and DID overlap not only
Dissociative Identity Disorder Essays (Examples)
The most severe and chronic manifestation of dissociative disorders is dissociative identity disorder (DID) and is believed to be extremely rare (eber 1003-1004)
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It is quite unfortunate that a majority of persons living in the world have encountered childhood traumas which often led to this long term mental health
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The Definition of Dissociative Identity Disorder · Alter Formation · The Mystery and Controversy of Integration · Structural Dissociation Theory.
Dissociative Identity Disorder Essays & Research Papers
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) “involves problems with memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior, and sense of self. Dissociation is when there
Dissociative Identity Disorder
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Integrative Research Paper: Dissociative Identity Disorder. Few psychological disorders in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual have generated.
Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay
Free Essays from Bartleby | Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental...
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