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Blocking assignments in always block verilog?
now I know in Verilog, to make a sequential logic you would almost always have use the non-blocking assignment (<=) in an always block. But does this rule also apply to internal variables? If blocking assignments were to be used for internal variables in an always block would it make it comb or seq logic?
So, for example, I'm trying to code a sequential prescaler module. It's output will only be a positive pulse of one clk period duration. It'll have a parameter value that will be the prescaler (how many clock cycles to divide the clk) and a counter variable to keep track of it.
I have count's assignments to be blocking assignments but the output, q to be non-blocking. For simulation purposes, the code works; the output of q is just the way I want it to be. If I change the assignments to be non-blocking, the output of q only works correctly for the 1st cycle of the parameter length, and then stays 0 forever for some reason (this might be because of the way its coded but, I can't seem to think of another way to code it). So is the way the code is right now behaving as a combinational or sequential logic? And, is this an acceptable thing to do in the industry? And is this synthesizable?
- 1 Does this answer your question? When does verilog use values from the current and when from the previous timeslot? – dave_59 Jul 16, 2020 at 6:29
- Synthesize it and see for yourself what it produces. Then ask yourself if that's what you want. – TomServo Jul 16, 2020 at 21:40
You should follow the industry practice which tells you to use non-blocking assignments for all outputs of the sequential logic. The only exclusion are temporary vars which are used to help in evaluation of complex expressions in sequential logic, provided that they are used only in a single block.
In you case using 'blocking' for the 'counter' will cause mismatch in synthesis behavior. Synthesis will create flops for both q and count . However, in your case with blocking assignment the count will be decremented immediately after it is being assigned the prescaled value, whether after synthesis, it will happen next cycle only.
So, you need a non-blocking. BTW initializing 'count' within declaration might work in fpga synthesis, but does not work in schematic synthesis, so it is better to initialize it differently. Unless I misinterpreted your intent, it should look like the following.
You do not need temp vars there, but you for the illustration it can be done as the following:
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Difference between blocking and nonblocking assignment Verilog
I was reading this page http://www.asic-world.com/verilog/verilog_one_day3.html when I came across the following:
We normally have to reset flip-flops, thus every time the clock makes the transition from 0 to 1 (posedge), we check if reset is asserted (synchronous reset), then we go on with normal logic. If we look closely we see that in the case of combinational logic we had "=" for assignment, and for the sequential block we had the "<=" operator. Well, "=" is blocking assignment and "<=" is nonblocking assignment. "=" executes code sequentially inside a begin / end, whereas nonblocking "<=" executes in parallel.
I was fairly sure that nonblocking assignments were sequential while blocking assignments were parallel. After all, you can make blocking assignments with assign statements outside of always blocks, and those all run in parallel. Is this a mistake, or is the behavior different inside an always block? And, if the behavior IS different inside an always block, can nonblocking assignments be made outside an always block?

3 Answers 3
was fairly sure that nonblocking assignments were sequential while blocking assignments were parallel.
Blocking assignment executes "in series" because a blocking assignment blocks execution of the next statement until it completes. Therefore the results of the next statement may depend on the first one being completed.
Non-blocking assignment executes in parallel because it describes assignments that all occur at the same time. The result of a statement on the 2nd line will not depend on the results of the statement on the 1st line. Instead, the 2nd line will execute as if the 1st line had not happened yet.
- \$\begingroup\$ So what about assign statements? Are they just in a whole class of their own? \$\endgroup\$ – Void Star Nov 24, 2013 at 4:25
- 6 \$\begingroup\$ Yes, assign statements occur outside of always blocks and are generally used to describe to combinatorial (un-latched) logic (while always blocks, with some exceptions, describe sequential logic). AFAIK, assign statements always execute "in parallel" whenever their LHS has a value change. \$\endgroup\$ – The Photon Nov 24, 2013 at 4:28
- \$\begingroup\$ Okay... I'm starting to get the impression that Verilog just isn't the most elegantly designed language. This is gonna be like learning C was. \$\endgroup\$ – Void Star Nov 24, 2013 at 5:30
- 1 \$\begingroup\$ Verilog was designed to "describe" hardware that already exists. Using it as a language to design (synthesize) hardware is a hack. \$\endgroup\$ – The Photon Nov 24, 2013 at 6:02
- 6 \$\begingroup\$ if Verilog "like learning C" is a problem, take a look at VHDL. Some people have fairly strong preferences for one or the other. To some, VHDL is just too verbose. To me, it's much better thought out. (signal/variable assignment semantics are much clearer than blocking/non for example). stackoverflow.com/questions/13954193/… and sigasi.com/content/vhdls-crown-jewel You may prefer it or hate it. But it's worth a look. \$\endgroup\$ – user_1818839 Nov 24, 2013 at 10:20
Assign statements are neither "blocking" or "nonblocking", they are "continuous". The output of an assign statement is always equal to the specified function of it's inputs. "blocking" and "nonblocking" assignments only exist within always blocks.
A blocking assignment takes affect immediately it is processed. A nonblocking assignment takes place at the end of processing the current "time delta".
always blocks can be used to model either combinatorial or sequential logic (systemverilog has always_comb and always_ff to make this explicit). When modeling combinatorial logic it's usually more efficient to use = but it typically doesn't really matter.
When modelling sequential logic (e.g. always @(posedge clk) ) you normally use nonblocking assingments. This allows you to deterime the "state after the clock edge" in terms of "the state before the clock edge".
It is sometimes useful to use blocking assignments in sequential always blocks as "variables". If you do this then there are two key rules to bear in mind.
- Do not access a reg that is set with blocking assignments inside a sequential always block from outside the always block it is assigned in.
- Do not mix blocking and nonblocking assignments to the same reg.
Breaking these rules is likely to result in synthesis failures and/or behaviour differences between simulation and synthesis.
- \$\begingroup\$ ""Do not access a reg that is set with blocking assignments inside a sequential always block from outside the always block it is assigned in."" Can you please explain it? \$\endgroup\$ – user125575 Oct 4, 2016 at 6:44
- 1 \$\begingroup\$ Different sequential always blocks do not have a defined order. So reading a "reg" set with a blocking assingment in one always block from another always block will lead to unpredicable behaviour. \$\endgroup\$ – Peter Green Oct 4, 2016 at 15:23
- \$\begingroup\$ And even if it appears to work in simulation, a synthesis tool should look at that and say "nope". I use local regs for those intermediate vars, and make sure that they are always assigned to on every clock before being read, so that no 'storage' is implied. \$\endgroup\$ – greggo Mar 30, 2017 at 11:57
- \$\begingroup\$ IIRC at least in quartus it is only considered a warning not an error. \$\endgroup\$ – Peter Green Mar 30, 2017 at 11:59
- \$\begingroup\$ You should not be using nonblocking assignment in combinational logic, it can lock up the simulation. For more details, refer this answer: electronics.stackexchange.com/a/506047/238188 \$\endgroup\$ – Shashank V M Oct 5, 2020 at 14:55
The term Blocking assignment confuses people because the word blocking would seem to suggest time-sequential logic. But in synthesized logic it does not mean this , because everything operates in parallel .
Perhaps a less confusing term would be immediate assignment , which would still differentiate the intermediate results of combinational logic from the inputs to non-transparent memory elements (for example clocked registers), which can have delayed assignment .
From a legalistic standpoint, it all works out very nicely. You can, in fact, consider the = to be a blocking (time-sequential) operation even within always_comb sequences. However, the distinction between time-sequential and parallel makes absolutely no difference in this case because the always_comb block is defined to repeat until the instruction sequence converges on a stable state -- which is exactly what the hardware circuitry will do (if it meets the timing requirements).
The synthesizable subset of Verilog (and especially SystemVerilog) is extremely simple and easy to use -- once you know the necessary idioms. You just have to get past the clever use of terminology associated with the so-called behavioral elements in the language.
- \$\begingroup\$ In behavioral coding styles ( as compared to RTL ), the distinction between blocking and non-blocking can be relevant. In some cases, the synthesis tool may be able to infer functionally equivalent RTL from behavioral component designs. \$\endgroup\$ – Brent Bradburn Jul 21, 2015 at 17:28
- \$\begingroup\$ Of course the procedural mode of SystemVerilog, applicable especially to initial statements within program blocks, uses (time-sequential) blocking assignment exclusively. This is useful for testbench design, but generally not for RTL specification. \$\endgroup\$ – Brent Bradburn Dec 18, 2015 at 18:58
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Blocking vs. Nonblocking in Verilog
The concept of Blocking vs. Nonblocking signal assignments is a unique one to hardware description languages. The main reason to use either Blocking or Nonblocking assignments is to generate either combinational or sequential logic. In software, all assignments work one at a time. So for example in the C code below:
The second line is only allowed to be executed once the first line is complete. Although you probably didn’t know it, this is an example of a blocking assignment. One assignment blocks the next from executing until it is done. In a hardware description language such as Verilog there is logic that can execute concurrently or at the same time as opposed to one-line-at-a-time and there needs to be a way to tell which logic is which.
<= Nonblocking Assignment
= Blocking Assignment
The always block in the Verilog code above uses the Nonblocking Assignment, which means that it will take 3 clock cycles for the value 1 to propagate from r_Test_1 to r_Test_3. Now consider this code:
See the difference? In the always block above, the Blocking Assignment is used. In this example, the value 1 will immediately propagate to r_Test_3 . The Blocking assignment immediately takes the value in the right-hand-side and assigns it to the left hand side. Here’s a good rule of thumb for Verilog:
In Verilog, if you want to create sequential logic use a clocked always block with Nonblocking assignments. If you want to create combinational logic use an always block with Blocking assignments. Try not to mix the two in the same always block.
Nonblocking and Blocking Assignments can be mixed in the same always block. However you must be careful when doing this! It’s actually up to the synthesis tools to determine whether a blocking assignment within a clocked always block will infer a Flip-Flop or not. If it is possible that the signal will be read before being assigned, the tools will infer sequential logic. If not, then the tools will generate combinational logic. For this reason it’s best just to separate your combinational and sequential code as much as possible.
One last point: you should also understand the semantics of Verilog. When talking about Blocking and Nonblocking Assignments we are referring to Assignments that are exclusively used in Procedures (always, initial, task, function). You are only allowed to assign the reg data type in procedures. This is different from a Continuous Assignment . Continuous Assignments are everything that’s not a Procedure, and only allow for updating the wire data type.
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Verilog assign statement
Signals of type wire or a similar wire like data type requires the continuous assignment of a value. For example, consider an electrical wire used to connect pieces on a breadboard. As long as the +5V battery is applied to one end of the wire, the component connected to the other end of the wire will get the required voltage.
In Verilog, this concept is realized by the assign statement where any wire or other similar wire like data-types can be driven continuously with a value. The value can either be a constant or an expression comprising of a group of signals.
Assign Syntax
The assignment syntax starts with the keyword assign followed by the signal name which can be either a single signal or a concatenation of different signal nets. The drive strength and delay are optional and are mostly used for dataflow modeling than synthesizing into real hardware. The expression or signal on the right hand side is evaluated and assigned to the net or expression of nets on the left hand side.
Delay values are useful for specifying delays for gates and are used to model timing behavior in real hardware because the value dictates when the net should be assigned with the evaluated value.
- LHS should always be a scalar or vector net or a concatenation of scalar or vector nets and never a scalar or vector register.
- RHS can contain scalar or vector registers and function calls.
- Whenever any operand on the RHS changes in value, LHS will be updated with the new value.
- assign statements are also called continuous assignments and are always active
In the following example, a net called out is driven continuously by an expression of signals. i1 and i2 with the logical AND & form the expression.
If the wires are instead converted into ports and synthesized, we will get an RTL schematic like the one shown below after synthesis.
Continuous assignment statement can be used to represent combinational gates in Verilog.
The module shown below takes two inputs and uses an assign statement to drive the output z using part-select and multiple bit concatenations. Treat each case as the only code in the module, else many assign statements on the same signal will definitely make the output become X.
Assign reg variables
It is illegal to drive or assign reg type variables with an assign statement. This is because a reg variable is capable of storing data and does not require to be driven continuously. reg signals can only be driven in procedural blocks like initial and always .
Implicit Continuous Assignment
When an assign statement is used to assign the given net with some value, it is called explicit assignment. Verilog also allows an assignment to be done when the net is declared and is called implicit assignment.
Combinational Logic Design
Consider the following digital circuit made from combinational gates and the corresponding Verilog code.
Combinational logic requires the inputs to be continuously driven to maintain the output unlike sequential elements like flip flops where the value is captured and stored at the edge of a clock. So an assign statement fits the purpose the well because the output o is updated whenever any of the inputs on the right hand side change.
Hardware Schematic
After design elaboration and synthesis, we do get to see a combinational circuit that would behave the same way as modeled by the assign statement.
See that the signal o becomes 1 whenever the combinational expression on the RHS becomes true. Similarly o becomes 0 when RHS is false. Output o is X from 0ns to 10ns because inputs are X during the same time.
Click here for a slideshow with simulation example !
- Docs »
- 4. Procedural assignments
- Edit on Bitbucket
4. Procedural assignments ¶
4.1. introduction ¶.
In Chapter 2 , a 2-bit comparator is designed using ‘procedural assignments’. In that chapter, ‘if’ keyword was used in the ‘always’ statement block. This chapter presents some more such keywords which can be used in procedural assignments.
4.2. Combinational circuit and sequential circuit ¶
Digital design can be broadly categorized in two ways i.e. combinational designs and sequential designs . It is very important to understand the differences between these two designs and see the relation between these designs with various elements of Verilog.
- Combinational designs : Combinational designs are the designs in which the output of the system depends on present value of the inputs only. Since, the outputs depends on current inputs only, therefore ‘ no memory ’ is required for these designs. Further, memories are nothing but the ‘flip flops’ in the digital designs, therefore there is no need of ‘flip flops’ in combination designs. In the other words, only ‘logic gates (i.e. and, not and xor etc.)’ are required to implement the combinational designs.
- Sequential designs : Sequential designs are the designs in which the output depends on current inputs and previous states of the system. Since output depends on previous states, therefore ‘ memories ’ are required for these systems. Hence, in the sequential designs the ‘flip flops’ are needed along with the logic gates.

Fig. 4.1 Block diagram of ‘combinational’ and ‘sequential’ designs
4.3. Concurrent statements and sequential statements ¶
In Listing 2.3 , we saw that the concurrent statements execute in parallel, i.e. the order of the statement does not matter. Whereas Listing 2.6 shows the example of ‘sequential statements’ where the statements execute one by one. Following are the relationship between ‘statements’ and ‘design-type’,
- Please note that ‘sequential statements’ and ‘sequential designs’ are two different things. Do not mix these together.
- Combinational designs can be implemented using both ‘sequential statements’ and ‘concurrent statements’.
- Sequential designs can be implemented using ‘sequential statements’ only.
- Sequential statements can be defined inside ‘always’ block only. Further, these blocks executes concurrently e.g. if we have more than one always block then these block will execute in parallel, but statements inside each block will execute sequentially.
- Sequential designs are implemented using various constructs e.g. ‘if’, ‘case’ and ‘for’ etc., which are discussed in this chapter.
- Conditional operator (?:) can be used for combinational designs.
Remember : (see the words ‘design’, ‘logic’ and ‘statement’ carefully)
- Only ‘logic gates (i.e. and, not and xor etc.)’ are required to implement the combinational designs.
- Both ‘logic gates’ and ‘flip flops’ are required for implementing the sequential designs.
- Lastly, the ‘sequential design’ contains both ‘combinational logics’ and ‘sequential logics’, but the combinational logic can be implement using ‘sequential statements’ only as shown in Fig. 4.1 ; whereas the ‘combination logic’ in the combinational designs can be implemented using both ‘concurrent’ and ‘sequential’ statements.
4.4. ‘always’ block ¶
All the statements inside the always block execute sequentially. Further, if the module contains more than one always block, then all the always blocks execute in parallel, i.e. always blocks are the concurrent blocks.
Note that, we can write the complete design using sequential programming (similar to C, C++ and Python codes). But that may result in very complex hardware design, or to a design which can not be synthesized at all. The best way of designing is to make small units using ‘continuous assignment statements’ and ‘procedural assignment statements’, and then use the structural modeling style to create the large system.
4.5. Blocking and Non-blocking assignment ¶
There are two kinds of assignments which can be used inside the always block i.e. blocking and non-blocking assignments. The ‘=’ sign is used in blocking assignment; whereas the ‘<=’ is used for non-blocking assignment as shown in Listing 4.1 and Listing 4.2 . Both the listings are exactly same expect the assignment signs at lines 13-14. Due to different in assignment signs, the design generated by these listings are different as shown in Fig. 4.2 and Fig. 4.3 , which are explained below.
Explanation Listing 4.1
In line 10, value of input port ‘x’ is assigned to output ‘z’. Since, the value of ‘z’ is equal to ‘x’, therefore line 11 will be equivalent to ‘z = x + y’; due to this reason, the design is generated as ‘and’ gate with inputs ‘x’ and ‘y’ as shown in Fig. 4.2 . Listing 4.1 Blocking assignment, Fig. 4.2 ¶ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 // blockAssignment.v module blockAssignment ( input wire x , y , output reg z ); always @( x , y ) begin z = x ; // since z = x z = z & y ; // therefore, z = x + y; end endmodule Fig. 4.2 Blocking assignment, Listing 4.1 Fig. 4.3 Non-blocking assignment, Listing 4.2
Explanation Listing 4.2 :
In non-blocking assignment, updated values inside the block are not used for assignment.} In line 10, value of input port ‘x’ is assigned to the ‘z’. Since updated value inside the block are not used in non-blocking assignment, therefore in line 11, ‘z = z & y;’, the old value of ‘z’ will be used for assignments (instead of z=x); hence a feedback path is used in Fig. 4.3 . Also, ‘x’ has no effect on the design as it is updating ‘z’ inside the block, which will not be used by non-blocking assignment; hence ‘x’ is not connected (i.e. connected to ground) in the design as shown in Fig. 4.3 . Listing 4.2 Non-blocking assignment, Fig. 4.3 ¶ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 // nonblockAssignment.v module nonblockAssignment ( input wire x , y , output reg z ); always @( x , y ) begin z <= x ; // z_new = x z <= z & y ; // z_new = z_entry + y (not z = z_new + y) end endmodule
The block and non-blocking assignments can not be used together for a signal. For example, the below assignment will generate error as both ‘blocking’ and ‘non-blocking’ assignments are used for ‘z’,
4.6. Guidelines for using ‘always’ block ¶
The general purpose ‘always’ block of Verilog can be misused very easily. And the misuse of this block will result in different ‘simulation’ and ‘synthesis’ results. In this section, the general guidelines are provided for using the ‘always’ block in different conditions.
Further, we can use the specilialized ‘always’ blocks of SystemVerilog to avoid the ambiguities in synthesis and simulation results, which are discussed in Section 10.4 .
Note that, the ‘always’ block is used for ‘synthesis (i.e. with sensitive list)’ as well as ‘simulation (i.e. with and without sensitive list)’, which have different set of semantic rules. If we do not follow the below guidelines in the designs, then simulation and synthesis tools will infer different set of rules, which will result in differences in synthesis and simulation results.
Further, SystemVerilog has specialized ‘always blocks’ for different types of designs (see Section 10.4 ), which can catch the errors when the designs are not created according to below rules.
4.6.1. ‘always’ block for ‘combinational designs’ ¶
Follow the below rules for combinational designs,
- Do not use the ‘posedge’ and ‘negedge’ in sensitive list.
- Sensitive list should contain all the signals which are read inside the block.
- No variable should be updated outside the ‘always’ block.
- Use blocking assignment (i.e. = ) for assigning values.
- All the variables should be updated for all the possible input conditions i.e. if-else and case statements should include all the possible conditions; and all the variables must be updated inside all the conditions.

4.6.2. ‘always’ block for ‘latched designs’ ¶
Follow the below rules for latched designs,
- At least one the variables should not be updated for some of the possible input conditions.
4.6.3. ‘always’ block for ‘sequential designs’ ¶
Follow the below rules for sequential designs,
- Use either ‘ posedge ’ or ‘ negedge ’ (not both) in sensitive list for all the elements.
- Use non-blocking assignment (i.e. <= ) for assigning values.
4.7. If-else statement ¶
In this section, a 4x1 multiplexed is designed using If-else statement. We already see the working of ‘if’ statement in the Chapter 2 . In lines 11-24 of Listing 4.3 , ‘else if’ and ‘else’ are added to ‘if’ statement. Note that, If-else block can contain multiple ‘else if’ statements between one ‘if’ and one ‘else’ statement. Further, ‘begin - end’ is added in line 12-15 of Listing 4.3 , which is used to define multiple statements inside ‘if’, ‘else if’ or ‘else’ block. Fig. 4.5 shows the waveform generated by Modelsim for Listing 4.3 .
Note that, we are generating the exact designs as the VHDL tutorials, therefore line 22-23 are used. Also, we can remove the line 22-23, and change line 20 with ‘else’, which will also work correctly.

Fig. 4.4 Multiplexer using if statement, Listing 4.3

Fig. 4.5 Waveforms of Listing 4.3 and Listing 4.4
4.8. Case statement ¶
Case statement is shown in lines 11-16 of Listing 4.4 . ‘s’ is used in case statement at line 11; whose value is checked using ‘when’ keyword at lines 12 and 13 etc. The value of the output y depends on the value of ‘s’ e.g. if ‘s’ is ‘1’, then line 12 will be true, hence value of ‘i1’ will be assigned to ‘y’. Note that, we can use ‘integer’ notation (line 12) as well as ‘binary’ notation (line 13) in ‘case’ and ‘if’ statements. Design generated by Listing 4.4 is shown in Fig. 4.6 .

Fig. 4.6 Multiplexer using case statement, Listing 4.4
We need not to define all the possible cases in the ‘case-statement’, the ‘default’ keyword can be used to provide the output for undefined-cases as shown in Listing 4.5 . Here, only two cases are defined i.e. 7 and 3; for the rest of the cases, the default value (i.e. i2) will be sent to the output.
4.9. Problem with Loops ¶
Verilog provides two loop statements i.e. ‘for’ loop and ‘while’ loop’. These loops are very different from software loops. Suppose ‘for i = 1 to N’ is a loop’, then, in software ‘i’ will be assigned one value at time i.e. first i=1, then next cycle i=2 and so on. Whereas in Verilog, N logics will be implement for this loop, which will execute in parallel. Also, in software, ‘N’ cycles are required to complete the loop, whereas in Verilog the loop will execute in one cycle.
As loops implement the design-units multiple times, therefore design may become large and sometimes can not be synthesized as well. If we do not want to execute everything in one cycle (which is almost always the case), then loops can be replaced by ‘case’ statements and ‘conditional’ statements as shown in section Section 4.10 . Further, due to these reasons, we do not use loops in the design, and hence these are not discussed in the tutorial.
4.10. Loop using ‘if’ statement ¶
In Listing 4.6 , a loop is created using ‘if’ statement, which counts the number upto input ‘x’.
Explanation Listing 4.6
In the listing, two ‘always’ blocks are used i.e. at lines 20 and 33. The process at line 20 checks whether the signal ‘count’ value is ‘less or equal’ to input x (line 22), and sets the currentState to ‘continueState’; otherwise if count is greater than the input x, then currentState is set to ‘stopState’. Then next ‘always’ statement (line 33), increase the ‘count’ by 1, if currentState is ‘continueState’; otherwise count is set to 0 for stopState. Finally count is displayed at the output through line 41. In this way, we can implement the loops using the ‘always’ statements. Fig. 4.7 shows the loop generated by the listing with parameter N=1. Further, Fig. 4.8 shows the count-waveforms generated by the listing with parameter N = 3.
Sensitivity list is still not correct in the Listing 4.6 e.g. we do not put the ‘x’ in the sensitive list at Line 20 which is used inside the ‘always’ block. Further, the ‘clk’ is unnecessarily used at Line 33.
Although the results are correct, but such practice leads to undetectable errors in large designs. We will see the correct style of coding in Chapter 7 .

Fig. 4.7 Loop using ‘if’ statement, Listing 4.6 with N = 1

Fig. 4.8 Loop using ‘if’ statement, Listing 4.6 with N = 3
Sensitivity list of the always block should be implemented carefully. For example, if we add ‘count’ in the sensitivity list at line 33 of Listing Listing 4.6 , then the always block will execute infinite times. This will occur because the always block execute whenever there is any event in the signals in the sensitivity list; therefore any change in ‘count’ will execute the block, and then this block will change the ‘count’ value through line 36. Since ‘count’ value is changed, therefore always block will execute again, and the loop will never exit.
Another problem is that, above error can not be detected during simulation phase, i.e. simulation will show the correct results. Such errors are very difficult to find in Verilog. Further, such errors can be identified in VHDL code, as shown in VHDL tutorials. To avoid such errors in Verilog, please follow the guidelines for using the ‘always’ block as described in Section 4.6 .
4.11. Conclusion ¶
In this chapter, various statements for procedural assignments are discussed. Problem with loops are discussed and finally loop is implemented using ‘if’ statement. Lastly, it is shown that, Verilog designs can have differences in simulation results and implementation results.
Verification Guide
if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'verificationguide_com-box-2','ezslot_5',166,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-verificationguide_com-box-2-0'); SystemVerilog Blocking assignment
Blocking assignment.
Blocking assignment statements execute in series order. Blocking assignment blocks the execution of the next statement until the completion of the current assignment execution.
Blocking assignment example
Simulator Output:

Blocking assignment example-2
In Below Example, a and b are initialized with value 10 and 15 respectively, after that b is being assigned to a (a value will become 15), and value 20 is assigned to b. After assignment value of a = 15 and b = 20.

Using the Always Block to Model Sequential Logic in Verilog
In this post, we discuss one of the most important constructs in verilog - the always block .
As we discussed in the post on verilog operators , there are two main classes of digital circuit which we can model in verilog – combinational and sequential .
In contrast to combinational logic, sequential circuits use a clock and require storage elements such as flip flops .
As a result, the output signals are synchronised to the circuit clock and changes do not occur immediately.
We use the always block to write code which executes sequentially in verilog. This is crucial when describing sequential logic circuits in verilog.
As always, there are a number of exercises at the end of this post.
However, it is worth reading the blog on writing a basic testbench in verilog before tackling these exercises. This will allow us to simulate some of the circuits which we design in these exercises.
The Always Block in Verilog
When we write verilog, we use procedural blocks to create statements which are executed sequentially. Procedural blocks are particularly important for the modelling of sequential digital circuits.
In contrast, verilog continuous assignment statements execute concurrently (i.e. in parallel) in our designs. This matches the nature of the underlying circuits, which consist of a number of separate logic gates.
The always block is one of the most commonly used procedural blocks in verilog. Whenever one of the signals in the sensitivity list changes state, all of the statements in the always block execute in sequence.
The verilog code below shows the general syntax for the always block. We talk about the sensitivity list in more depth in the next section.
We need to be careful when using this construct as there are some features which are unique to verilog.
In particular, beginners often find it difficult to understand the way that signals are updated in an always block.
When we use always blocks, we can update the value of our signals either in parallel or sequentially. This depends on whether we use blocking or non-blocking assignment , which we discuss in more depth later in this post.
In order to be an effective verilog designer, it is important that we have a good understanding of the always block.
Let's look at some of the key features of the always block in more detail.
Sensitivity Lists
Any code which we write within an always block runs continuously. This means that the statements within the code block are executed in sequence until we reach the last line.
Once the last line in the sequence has been executed, the program then loops back to the first line. All of the statements in our always block are then executed in sequence again.
However, this behaviour is not representative of a real circuit which will remain in a steady state until one of the input signals changes state.
We use the sensitivity list in the alway block to emulate this behaviour.
To do this, the code within the always block will only execute after one of the signals in the sensitivity list changes state.
- Flip Flop Example
Let’s consider how we would model a basic D type flip flop using the always block as an example.
As with all clocked flip flops, the output of a D type flip flop only changes state when there is a positive clock edge.
As a result of this, we include the clock signal in the sensitivity list so that the always block only executes when there is a rising edge on the clock signal.
The verilog code below shows how we would model a D type flip flop using the always block.
In this code example, we use the posedge macro to determine when there is a transition from 0 to 1.
The single line of code within the always block is executed when this macro evaluates as true. This line of code assigns the value of D to the output signal (Q).
When we use the posedge macro in verilog, all other changes of state are simply ignored. This is exactly what we would expect from a D type flip flop.
Verilog also has a negedge macro which has the opposite functionality. When we use this macro, the always block will execute whenever the clock changes from 1 to 0.
We can also omit this macro altogether. In this case, the code executes whenever a signal in the sensitivity list changes state.
We should only ever use the posedge macro for clock signals in our verilog design. This is because synthesis tools will attempt to utilize clock resources within the FPGA to implement it.
- Multiple Signals in a Sensitivity List
There are instances when we will want to include more than one signal in the sensitivity list.
A common example of this is when we write code to model the behaviour of flip flops with asynchronous resets .
When this is the case, we need the flip flop model to perform an action whenever the reset or clock signals change state.
To do this we simply list both of the signals inside the sensitivity list and separate them with a comma.
The code snippet below shows how we write such a flip flop.
As this example uses an active high reset, we again use the posedge macro in the sensitivity list.
An active high reset means that the reset is only active when it is equal to one.
We then use a construct known as an if statement to determine whether the always block triggered by the reset signal or the clock signal.
We will discuss the verilog if statement in a future blog post, although it’s functionality is fairly self explanatory.
When working with code which is verilog 1995 compatible we must separate the signals in the sensitivity list using the or keyword instead or a comma.
The code snippet below shows how we would model an asynchronously resettable flip flop using verilog 1995.
Blocking and Non-Blocking Assignment in Verilog
In the code examples we have seen so far in this series of posts, we have used two different types of assignment operators.
This is because verilog has two different types of assignment – blocking and non-blocking.
When we write code with non-blocking assignments we use the <= symbol whilst blocking code uses the = symbol.
When we use continuous assignment in verilog , we can only use blocking assignment.
However, we can use both types of assignment in procedural block.
Blocking assignment typically results in our synthesis tools implementing combinational logic circuits. In contrast, non-blocking assignment normally results in sequential circuits after synthesis.
Blocking assignment is the simplest of the two techniques to understand. When we assign signals using blocking assignment in verilog, our signals update their value as soon as the line of code is executed.
We commonly use this type of assignment to write combinational logic in verilog. However, in some circumstances we can use it to create sequential circuits.
In contrast, signals which use the non-blocking technique are not updated immediately after assignment. Instead, verilog uses assignment scheduling to update the values.
This is a little tricky to understand, so let’s consider it in a bit more depth.
- Assignment Scheduling
When we write verilog code using non-blocking assignment, our code still executes sequentially. However, the signals which we are assigning do not get updated in this way.
To demonstrate why this is the case, let’s consider the twisted ring counter circuit below.
First, let’s look at the behaviour if the signals did update immediately.
If we assume that the output of both flip flops is 0b when a clock edge occurs, then the second line in the code will set the output of DFF1 to 1b.
We can then see that the line of code immediately beneath this would set the output of DFF2 to 1. This is clearly not the intended behaviour of this circuit.
To overcome this issue, non blocking assignment in verilog uses scheduled assignment.
As a result, changes to our signals don’t occur immediately after assignment but are instead scheduled to occur at some point in the future.
Normally, the signals update their value at the end of a simulation cycle. This refers to the time it takes the simulator to execute all of the code for a given time step.
To better demonstrate the way scheduled assignment works, let’s again consider the simple dual flip flop circuit.
When a rising edge is detected, the simulator firstly executes the statement to update DFF1. Once this line has been executed, an update to the output of DFF1 is scheduled to happen.
The simulator then runs the second line of code, this time using the original value of the DFF1 flip flop and schedules the update of DFF2.
As there are only two statements in this design, the simulation cycle is now complete. At this point, all of the scheduled changes are applied and the values are updated for both flip flops.
- Synthesis Example
To further demonstrate the difference between blocking and non blocking assignments in verilog, we will again model a basic two flip flop twisted ring counter circuit. The code snippet below shows he implementation of this circuit.
However, we can also look at the output of a synthesis tool such as vivado to see a diagram of the resulting circuit. The circuit diagram below shows this circuit.
We can see that there are two flip flops in the circuit whilst the not gate is implemented using LUT1.
Now let’s take at look at the circuit we would get if we used blocking assignment in the code.
The verilog code below shows how we could (incorrectly) attempt to model this circuit using blocking assignment.
This results in the circuit shown below after synthesis.
We can see from this that using non blocking has resulted in the removal of the second flip flop from our circuit.
The reason for this should be fairly obvious, given what we have learnt about blocking assignment so far.
As the value of the q_dff2 is immediately assigned to the same value as q_dff1, our circuit model does not imply that there should be a flip flop in this signal path.
This example actually shows us one of the most important differences between blocking and non blocking assignment in verilog.
When we use non-blocking assignment, the synthesis tool will always place a flip flop in the circuit. This means that we can only use non blocking assignment to model sequential logic.
In contrast, we can use blocking assignment to create either sequential or combinational circuits.
However, we should only use blocking assignment to model combinational logic circuits in verilog. The main reason for this is that our code will be much easier to understand and maintain.
Combinational Logic in Always Blocks
Up to this point, we have only considered the modelling of sequential circuits using always block.
Although this is the most common use case, we can also model combinational logic using this approach.
As an example, the code below shows how we can use an always block to model the AND-OR circuit which we discussed in the post on continuous assignment in verilog .
We see that this code is almost identical to the example we looked at in the post on continuous assignment.
The only major difference here is the fact that we have encased it within an always block. We also remove the verilog assign keyword from the statement as we no longer need it.
We can also see from this example how the sensitivity list is more complex for combinational circuits than sequential circuits.
There are actually two methods which we can use to write the sensitivity list when modelling combinational logic circuits.
The first method we can use is to list each of the inputs to the circuit separated by either by the or keyword or by a comma. This is the method we have used in the example code above.
In addition to this, we can also use the * character to tell our verilog tools to automatically decide which signals to include in the sensitivity list.
This technique is preferable as it has the advantage of being easier to maintain. However, this method was introduced as part of the verilog 2001 standard meaning it can't be used with verilog 1995 code.
The code snippet below shows how we would use both of these methods.
Generally speaking, using the always block to model combinational logic adds boiler plate code to our design.
Therefore, we only use the always block to model combinational logic circuits in a few circumstances where it can simplify the modelling of complex combinational logic.
- Multiplexors
One instance where it can be useful to use an always block to model combinational logic is when we want to model a multiplexor .
In this case, we can use a construct known as the case statement to model the multiplexor. In comparison to the methods we discussed in the post on modelling combinational logic in verilog , this provides a simpler and more intuitive way of modelling large multiplexors.
We talk about the verilog case statement in more detailed in a future blog post. However, the code snippet below shows how we would use the case statement to model a simple four to one multiplexor.
The case statement is fairly simple to understand, as it uses a variable to select one of a number of branches to execute.
We can include as many different branches as we require in the case statement.
In addition, we use the default branch to catch any values which we haven’t explicitly listed.
In order to use this as a multiplexor, we use the variable as if it were the address pins.
We can then assign the output of the multiplexor to the required value based on which branch we are executing.
What is the difference between continuous assignment and procedural blocks (such as the always block) in verilog?
We use procedural blocks such as the always block to execute code sequentially in verilog. In contrast, continuous assignment is executed in parallel.
Why do we use sensitivity lists in the verilog always block?
They define the list of signals that an always will wait on before resuming the execution of code.
What is the difference between blocking and non-blocking assignment in verilog?
When we use blocking assignment all signal assignments take effect immediately. In contrast, when we use non-blocking assignment our signals are updated using assignment scheduling.
Which type of assignment can we use in continuous assignment? What about in procedural blocks?
When we write code using continuous assignment, we can only use blocking assignment.
We can use both types of assignment within a verilog procedural block. However, non-blocking assignment normally results in a sequential implementation after synthesis. In contrast to this, blocking assignment normally results in a combinational implementation.
Write the code for a 4 input NAND gate using an always block
Write the code for the circuit shown below.
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Verilog实现组合逻辑电路

在verilog 中可以实现的数字电路主要分为两类---- 组合逻辑 电路和 时序逻辑 电路。
组合逻辑电路比较简单,仅由基本逻辑门组成---如与门、或门和非门等。当电路的输入发生变化时,输出几乎(信号在电路中传递时会有一小段延迟) 立即 就发生变化。
相反,时序逻辑电路使用时钟且必须要触发器等存储元件,所以其输出变化与电路时钟同步, 不是即时 变化的。
这篇文章将讨论如何使用 assign 关键字在 verilog 中实现 连续赋值 (continuous assignment),以及使用连续赋值语句实现基本逻辑门和多路选择器。
1、Verilog 中的连续赋值( Continuous Assignment )
设计者可以使用连续赋值语句将数据驱动到设计中的net类型中。因此,连续赋值语句经常被用来实现组合逻辑电路。
实际上可以使用两种不同的方法在verilog中实现连续赋值。第一个被称为 显式 (explicit)连续赋值,这是verilog中最常用的连续赋值方法;此外还可以使用 隐式 (implicit)连续赋值,或者叫: net声明赋值 。这种方法不太常见,但它要写的代码更少。
1.1、显式连续赋值( Explicit Continuous Assignment )
使用assign关键字进行连续赋值的方法被称为显式连续赋值。下面的 verilog 代码展示了使用 assign 关键字进行连续赋值的一般语法。
<variable> 是要为其分配数据的信号的名称,只能使用连续赋值的方式来给net类型的变量赋值。
<value> 可以是一个固定值或者是某个表达式,在此表达式中可以使用变量或net类型。
使用连续赋值时,只要 <value> 中的一个信号改变状态,<variable> 值就会立即发生改变。
下面的代码片段展示了一个最基本的 verilog 连续赋值示例。在该示例中,只要 b 信号改变状态,a 的值就会立即更新,使其等于 b。
1.2、线网声明赋值( Net Declaration Assignment )
设计者还可以在 verilog 设计中使用隐式连续赋值,这种方法通常也被称为 线网(net)声明赋值 。使用线网声明赋值时,只需要在声明信号的语句中写一条连续赋值语句,这可以减少代码行数。
在 verilog 中使用 线网声明赋值 时,需要在声明信号时使用 = 符号为信号赋值。下面的代码片段展示了 线网声明赋值 的一般语法。
<variable>和<value>使用方法与 显式连续赋值 中一致。
下面的 verilog 代码展示了如何使用线网声明赋值将 b 的值赋给信号 a。
2、 在Verilog 中实现组合逻辑电路
使用连续赋值语句和运算符,即可实现基本的组合逻辑电路。
下图是一个3输入与门的示例:

为了在 verilog 中实现该电路,可以使用 assign 关键字将数据驱动到 and_out 输出。这意味着 and_out 信号必须声明为net(线网)类型,例如 wire ,然后可以使用按位与运算符 (&) 来实现基本的与门。
下面的代码片段展示了如何实现这个3输入与门。
这个例子展示了在 verilog 中设计基本的组合逻辑电路是多么的简单。如果设计者需要更改逻辑门的功能,只需要使用不同的verilog运算符即可。又或者设计者需要构建更复杂的组合逻辑电路,那么也可以混合使用不同的位运算符。为了证明这一点,将以下面的电路作为示例。

要在 verilog 中实现电路,需要混合使用 按位与 (&) 运算符 和 按位或 (|) 运算符 。下面的代码片段展示了如何在 verilog 中实现这一点。
这段代码同样不难理解。但是设计者需要确保使用了括号来实现复杂的逻辑电路。这不仅可以确保电路正常运行,还可以让代码更易于阅读和维护。
2.1、在 Verilog 中实现多路选择器( Multiplexors )
多路选择器 是组合逻辑电路中一个常用的组件。在 verilog 中,设计者可以通过多种方式实现这些组件,其中一种方法使用称为 always块 (always block)的结构,此语法通常被用来实现时序逻辑电路,但同时也可以实现组合逻辑电路。
2.1.1、Verilog 条件运算符
verilog中有一个与C语言等编程语言类似功能的条件运算符。要使用条件运算符,需要在 ? 表达式 前写一个逻辑表达式,然后判断它是真还是假。根据表达式的 真假 ,将两个值中的某一个赋值给输出。
下面的 verilog 代码展示了条件运算符使用的一般语法。
接下来看一个简单的 2选1的多路选择器 的例子,如下面的电路图所示。

下面的代码片段清楚地展示了如何使用条件运算符在 verilog 中实现上图中的多路选择器。
2.1.2、 嵌套的条件运算符( Nested Conditional Operators )
虽然这并不常见,但设计者也可以使用 嵌套的条件运算符(Nested Conditional Operators) 来编写代码,以实现更大的多路选择器。
接下来将以一个 4选1多路选择器 为例进行说明,如下图电路所示。

为了使用条件运算符在 verilog 中实现此电路,可以将该多路选择器视为一对2选1的多路选择器。这意味着其中一个多路选择器将在输入 A 和 B 之间进行选择,而另一个多路选择器则在输入 C 和 D 之间进行选择。这两个多路选择器都使用地址信号的 LSB 作为地址引脚。
要实现完整的4选1多路选择器,还需要另一个多路选择器。这个多路选择器将前两个多路选择器的输出作为输入,并使用地址信号的 MSB 在它们之间进行选择。
下面的代码片段展示了实现该功能的方法。
此代码使用了在上一个示例中定义的信号 mux1 和 mux2,但其实设计者也可以从此代码中删除 mux1 和 mux2 信号,作为替代使用嵌套的条件运算符,这可以有效地减少代码行数。
下面的代码片段展示了如何做到这一点。
从这个例子也可以看出,使用条件运算符在 verilog 中实现多路选择器时,代码会变得难以阅读和理解。因此,设计者最好只使用这种方法来实现小型的多路选择器。
2.1.3、用 数组(Arrays)作为多路选择器
设计者也可以使用verilog中的 数组 来构建简单的多路选择器。为此,可以将所有多路选择器的输入组合成一个数组,并使用地址指向数组中的元素。
为了更好地了解它是如何在实践中运用的,仍然以一个4选1的多路选择器为例。
首先需要将输入信号组合成一个数组,有两种方式可以做到这一点。第一种:先声明一个数组,然后给数组中的每一位赋值,如下面的 verilog 代码所示。
第二种:可以使用verilog中的 拼接运算符 { } ,这样就可以在一行代码中对整个数组赋值----使用一对 花括号 { } 并在其中列出希望包含在数组中的所有元素。在使用拼接运算符时,如果是使用的net类型,那么也可以在一条语句中声明和赋值。
下面的 verilog 代码展示了如何使用拼接运算符来对数组赋值。
由于 verilog 是一种 弱类型(Loosely Typed Language)语言 ,所以也可以使用两位地址信号,就好像它是一个integer类型一样,然后该信号将被用作确定选择4个元素中的哪一个的指针。
下面的代码片段展示了如何实现这种方法。由于多路选择器的输出是wire类型,所以必须在这种情况下使用连续赋值。
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COMMENTS
Using blocking assignments in combinational always blocks (which is the recommendation) require you to put assignments in the right order. Using non-blocking assignments in combinational always blocks may seem attractive, because you can then have assignments in any order, like in VHDL.
2. Evaluate a^b^c, assign result to y 3. Evaluate b&(~c), assign result to zz I. Blocking vs. Nonblocking Assignments • Verilog supports two types of assignments within always blocks, with subtly different behaviors. • Blocking assignment: evaluation and assignment are immediate • Nonblocking assignment: all assignments deferred until all
gramming languages, and the non-blocking assignment (<=), which is the more natural assignment statement to describe many hardware systems, especially for syn-thesis. Cummings [4] expresses the view of many ex-perienced Verilog designers that blocking assignments should be used only in a few situations, such as for mod-
In you case using 'blocking' for the 'counter' will cause mismatch in synthesis behavior. Synthesis will create flops for both q and count. However, in your case with blocking assignment the count will be decremented immediately after it is being assigned the prescaled value, whether after synthesis, it will happen next cycle only.
Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking Blocking Blocking assignment statements are assigned using = and are executed one after the other in a procedural block. However, this will not prevent execution of statments that run in a parallel block.
A blocking assignment takes affect immediately it is processed. A nonblocking assignment takes place at the end of processing the current "time delta". always blocks can be used to model either combinatorial or sequential logic (systemverilog has always_comb and always_ff to make this explicit).
The Blocking assignment immediately takes the value in the right-hand-side and assigns it to the left hand side. Here's a good rule of thumb for Verilog: In Verilog, if you want to create sequential logic use a clocked always block with Nonblocking assignments. If you want to create combinational logic use an always block with Blocking assignments.
Verilog also allows an assignment to be done when the net is declared and is called implicit assignment. wire [1:0] a; assign a = x & y; wire [1:0] a = x & y; Combinational Logic Design Consider the following digital circuit made from combinational gates and the corresponding Verilog code.
6 Sutherland H D L Blocking Procedural Assignments Blocking Procedural Assignments The = token represents a blocking procedural assignment Evaluated and assigned in a single step Execution flow within the procedure is blocked until the assignment is completed Evaluations of concurrent statements in the same time step are blocked until the assignment is completed
Procedural assignments. 4. Procedural assignments ¶. 4.1. Introduction ¶. In Chapter 2, a 2-bit comparator is designed using 'procedural assignments'. In that chapter, 'if' keyword was used in the 'always' statement block. This chapter presents some more such keywords which can be used in procedural assignments. 4.2.
Blocking assignment blocks the execution of the next statement until the completion of the current assignment execution. Blocking assignment example. In Below Example, a and b is initialized with value 10 and 15 respectively, after that b is being assigned to a (a value will become 15), and value 20 is assigned to b. After assignment value of a ...
In contrast, non-blocking assignment normally results in sequential circuits after synthesis. Blocking assignment is the simplest of the two techniques to understand. When we assign signals using blocking assignment in verilog, our signals update their value as soon as the line of code is executed.
在 verilog 中,设计者可以通过多种方式实现这些组件,其中一种方法使用称为 always块 (always block)的结构,此语法通常被用来实现时序逻辑电路,但同时也可以实现组合逻辑电路。 2.1.1、Verilog 条件运算符. verilog中有一个与C语言等编程语言类似功能的条件运算符。